耕作侵蚀研究项目进展

土壤侵蚀是全球性的严重环境问题，而农耕地则是全球土壤侵蚀最严重的地区。农地上存在的水力等侵蚀早已被研究者认识到，并且已进行了大量的研究，但农地上存在的另一种侵蚀，也是从根本上导致农地土壤退化及产生严重水土流失的侵蚀，却在以往的土壤侵蚀研究中被大大地忽视，这就是耕作侵蚀。 　　耕作侵蚀是土壤物质在耕作机具的作用下发生分散、搬运、沉积的过程。在耕作侵蚀过程中，土壤物质主要在农地内发生再分布，在坡地上，这种再分布则主要表现为坡面土壤的从上向下运动。 　　耕作侵蚀作为一种新近认识到的重要侵蚀过程，已引起国际上的广泛关注。耕作侵蚀研究也已在各大洲迅速开展起来。1997年起，欧共体将耕作侵蚀列为大型研究项目，组织了7个国家的科学家协作攻关，研究范围包括到全部欧共体国家；1997年7月在加拿大多伦多（Toronto）举行了第1次耕作侵蚀国际会议；1999年4月在比利时鲁汶（Leuven）举行了第2次耕作侵蚀国际会议；2001年8月将在英国埃克塞特（Exeter）再次举行关于耕作侵蚀影响的重要国际会议。 　　我国是一个幅员辽阔，农业人口众多，耕种历史悠久的农业大国，坡耕地面积大，尤其与西方发达国家相比，坡耕地普遍较短，较陡，较崎岖，且各地的耕作机具与耕作方式差异较大，因此，耕作侵蚀是在我国广泛存在、形式多样的一种重要类型的土壤侵蚀。为了认识我国坡耕地的耕作侵蚀规律，进而发展科学的坡耕地保护性耕作技术，我们从1999年开始，在我国黄土高原开展了耕作侵蚀研究。 　　我们在主持的国家自然科学基金项目“黄土地区耕作侵蚀评价”（1999—2001）、中国科学院水土保持研究所知识创新工程项目课题“耕作侵蚀过程与模拟”（1999—）及陕西省人事厅留学回国人员科技活动择优资助项目“农地耕作侵蚀研究”（2000—2002）的资助下，通过前两年的研究，已获得了黄土地区耕作侵蚀过程中的土壤再分布规律、黄土地区耕作侵蚀模型，黄土地区耕作侵蚀强度及其空间分布特征，以及黄土地区耕作侵蚀在总土壤侵蚀中的重要性及其空间变化规律。目前，我们正在对该地区耕作侵蚀其它方面的内容进行研究，各个项目进展顺利。 (王占礼，中国科学院 水利部 水土保持研究所， 陕西 杨凌 712100)     

北京密云石匣小流域水土保持措施对土壤侵蚀的影响研究

水土保持措施的实施可有效地控制土壤侵蚀 ,不同的水土保持措施存在不同的水土保持效益值。利用北京密云石匣共 2 0个坡面径流试验小区的野外观测资料 ,分析得出了北京石匣小流域不同水土保持措施下的水土保持效益值 ,其中免耕 (玉米 )为 0 .2 80 ,梯田 (玉米 )为 0 .142 ,人工草地为 0 .0 6 3,荒草地为 0 .0 45 ,水平条林地为0 .0 2 5 ,鱼鳞坑林地为 0 .0 19。人工草地、荒草地、水平条林地和鱼鳞坑林地有显著的水土保持效益 ,但它们之间的水土保持效益并无显著差别。坡耕地 (16 .8°)的年均侵蚀模数为 145 3.8t/ km2 ,远大于土壤自然形成速度和北方石质山区的允许土壤流失量。其研究结果可为土壤侵蚀模型预报、水土保持规划、环境治理和评估提供依据     

玉米根系形态对光照、氮水平反应的基因型差异

用溶液培养的方法 ,研究了光照、以及氮水平对不同氮效率玉米自交系根系形态养分吸收的影响 ,研究结果表明 ,提高光照水平有助于光合产物向根系分配 ,表现为总根长、根体积、根系重量等显著增加。在不同光照水平低氮胁迫时 ,氮低效品种白瓷与其它三个品种相比 ,根系的形态指标均有不同程度的降低。在高光强 ,0 .4 mmol/ L氮水平胁迫时 ,与氮高效品种 4 78相比 ,根系体积减少 2 7.54% ,根干重减少 2 1.2 4 % ,并降低了根系的吸收效率 ,同时也表明 ,光照与氮水平对光合产物的分配具有耦合效应     

Influence of liquid cattle manure on reduction processes in soil

Summary Reduction processes in cultivated soil during the decomposition of liquid cattle manure were studied in laboratory experiments. Anoxic slurries of soil and manure in different proportions or alone were followed over 5 weeks. Upon NO _inf3 ^sup- depletion, ferrous Fe appeared in solution in soil-manure slurries. Sulfide levels were generally low in the presence of both soil and manure, probably because of precipitation by Fe²⁺; Fe thereby counteracted the production of free hydrogen sulfide. Methane formation was the quantitatively most important electron sink under prolonged anoxic conditions. When extra sulfate was added to soil-manure slurries, the concentration of Fe²⁺ remained low and less methane was produced. The detection of Fe²⁺ was examined in a model system with a gel-stabilized soil-manure mixture sandwiched between two soil phases with a water content near field capacity. Large methodological problems made it impossible to quantify Fe²⁺ in this oxic-anoxic environment, but the results indicated that reducing conditions were maintained in the manure-saturated zone for the 20-day period of this experiment.     

Occurrence of 1BL.1RS wheat-rye chromosome translocation and of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sr36/Pm6</Emphasis> resistance gene cluster in wheat cultivars registered in Hungary

The 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation and a wheat-Triticum timopheevii chromosomal introgression carry the Sr31, Lr26, Yr9 and Pm8 genes and the Sr36/Pm6 gene cluster, respectively. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution and impact of these two translocations in 220 wheat varieties registered in Hungary in the last 35 years until 2005. The 1BL.1RS translocation was introduced into Hungary via wheat cultivars ‘Avrora’ and ‘Kavkaz’, which were registered in 1970. New 1BL.1RS cultivars developed in Hungary first appeared in 1982. After reaching a maximum frequency of 50.0% among cultivars registered in Hungary in 1994, their presence declined steadily to 13.3% by 2005. The Sr36/Pm6 cultivars first appeared in 1980. Their frequency quickly reached 31.8% (1983–1984), but then dropped to between 9.6 and 18.5% (1990–2005). The two main Hungarian breeding programs showed opposing trends in the exploitation of these two translocations. In Martonvásár, 1BL.1RS played a dominant role, being present from 1993 to 1997 in ca. 95% of the released cultivars, while at the same time the use of Sr36/Pm6 was marginal. Conversely, among the Szeged cultivars, Sr36/Pm6 was present at high frequency (44.7% in 2002) with a low share of 1BL.1RS. In artificial field inoculation tests (1985–2003) both of the stem rust resistance genes provided significant resistance in all the years, though Sr36 proved more effective than Sr31. While Pm8 was not effective, except for the last 2 years, Pm6 exhibited significant resistance against powdery mildew in most of the 18 years tested. These data may help breeders to assess the usefulness of wheat-rye 1BL.1RS chromosome translocations and the Sr36/Pm6 resistance gene clusters in their future wheat improvement programs.     

Effect of cooling rate on high temperature mechanical properties of weathering steel

High temperature mechanical properties are key factors which affect fracture production during deforming process of continuous casting. High temperature properties of weathering steel Q450NQR1 are tested in 3 cooling rates (1.65, 5, 10 ℃/s) using Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator. Specimens appear austenite dynamic recrystallization at 1 050 ℃, and the ductility reaches the lowest point and the reduction of area approaches 23% at 850 ℃ in 3 cooling rates. As the cooling rate increases, the low ductility area where cracks are easy to be produced in slabs is enlarged and extended towards low temperature, and the ductility troughs are deepened. The increase of the cooling rate decreases the tensile stress and yield stress, while when the cooling rate increases to some degree, it doesn’t affect the stress. The low cooling rate decreases the film or network ferrite producing in austenite grain boundary, and the carbonitride of microalloy is enwrapped in matrix, which is helpful to improve the ductility of steel.     

The application of rough sets-neural network theory to mine ventilation system evaluation

To solve the instability problem of established sample in the neural network evaluation method for mine ventilation system, a comprehensive evaluation of the ventilation system is carried out based on rough sets and BP neural networks. Taking the ventilation system of a mine as an example, the classification quality of raw data samples are tested by using rough set data analysis system. Then, based on artificial neural network theory, a rough sets-neural network evaluation model of a mine ventilation system is established and a new rough sets-neural network evaluation method of mine ventilation system is formed. The results show that, after the model validation of data and application, its theoretical evaluation results are in line with the actual situation, and the network total error is less than 0.004. It shows that the comprehensive evaluation method based on rough sets-neural networks has a good effect in evaluating mine ventilation system in practical application.     

猕猴桃溃疡病防治研究

对猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病防治方法进行研究,结果表明,冬末春初“划道”控制,病斑,夏委彻底刮除治疗病斑,疗效达80％－90％,DTMz等为此病防治的首选药物。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌SFU—18液体深层发酵培养基的优化

采用BPY培养基，在最佳培养条件：温度为37℃、初始pH为7．0、溶氧量为40mL/250mL,230r/min接种量为4％下，测定了纳豆芽孢杆菌菌株SFU－18的生长曲线，从而确定了纳豆芽杆菌的最佳接种种龄以及收获时间。然后，在种子培养液其他成分保持不变的情况下，分别改变氮源、碳源、无机盐、生长因子进行单因素实验（以原种子液为对照），采用L（9）3^4正交表设计实验进行培养基的优化，确定了纳豆芽孢杆菌液体深层发酵的最佳培养基配比为：玉米淀粉1％、豆粕粉5％、玉米浆1．5％、NaClO.2%。     

番茄愈伤组织和植株耐盐性的比较研究

对2份野生种和4份栽培种的研究证明,子叶,下胚轴和叶片外植体诱导的愈伤组织对NaCl的反应是一致的,将4份野生种和2份栽培种带有2叶一心的小苗扦插于附加不同浓度NaCl的MS培养基中,发现在150mmolNaCl处理10d时,1号,2号,3号和4号材料的相对生根率分别为65．8％,87．5％,86．8％和100％,4份野生种在附加有75 mmol/NaCl的 培养基上的生长优于对照,随着NaCl浓度的不断提高,株高和叶片数都表现下降,3号材料下降幅度最小,当NaCl浓度提高到300mmol时,4份野生种的鲜重可达对照的0．90倍,1．07倍,1．60倍和1．53倍,而]2份栽培种则为对照的0．55倍和0．33倍。