湿地松人工林经验收获表的编制

应用99块湿地松人工林标准地调查资料,以林分年龄、立地指数为自变量,利用Richards模型拟合各林分因子(直径、树高、蓄积等)生产过程;采用非线性麦夸特迭代求解法,确定各林分因子Richards模型参数,并进行模型检验和误差分析,在此基础上依据各林分因子生长模型编制16指数级湿地松人工林经验收获表.     

Multielemental fingerprinting as a tool for authentication of organic wheat, barley, faba bean, and potato

The multielemental composition of organic and conventional winter wheat, spring barley, faba bean, and potato was analyzed with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and -mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The crops were cultivated in two years at three geographically different field locations, each accommodating one conventional and two organic cropping systems. The conventional system produced the highest harvest yields for all crops except the nitrogen-fixing faba bean, whereas the dry matter content of each crop was similar across systems. No systematic differences between organic and conventional crops were found in the content of essential plant nutrients when statistically analyzed individually. However, chemometric analysis of multielemental fingerprints comprising up to 14 elements allowed discrimination. The discrimination power was further enhanced by analysis of up to 25 elements derived from semiquantitative ICP-MS. It is concluded that multielemental fingerprinting with semiquantitative ICP-MS and chemometrics has the potential to enable authentication of organic crops.     

长江中游栓皮栎林水文生态效益研究

1998～ 1999年实测了河南境内长江中游栓皮栎林的林外降水、林内降水、树干径流以及下层植被和枯落物对降水的影响 ,并建立了相关的计算模型。结果表明 :观测期内栓皮栎林冠层能截留降水 2 0 .77% ,并将 4.85 %的降水转化为树干径流 ,枯落物的最大持水量为 13.40 t/ hm2 ,林外降水和林内降水、树干径流之间为线性关系 ,而林冠截留符合灰色模型     

红壤丘陵区土壤137Cs含量与土壤颗粒组成的关系研究--以江西省丰城市为例

通过对江西省红壤地区的39个土壤剖面采样数据进行数理统计分析,发现在土壤表层20 cm范围内,不同土层137Cs含量与土壤粒径具有一定的相关性,其中与砂粒含量和粉砂粒含量具有正相关关系,与砾石含量和黏粒含量具有负相关关系。通过逐步回归分析发现,在各土层与137Cs含量关系最为密切是砂砾含量,两者呈现显著的正相关关系。同时建立了137Cs含量与砂砾含量的定量关系模型,并通过方差分析证明该模型可靠,但该模型应用于土壤侵蚀还需要进一步研究。     

Trophic interactions between rhizosphere bacteria and bacterial feeders influenced by phosphate and aphids in barley

The aim was to study the effects of P fertilization and leaf aphid attack on the trophic interactions of bacteria and bacterial feeders in the rhizospheres of barley plants. The density of protozoa peaked in the rhizospheres of plants fertilized with N and P, whereas nematodes peaked in the rhizospheres of plants to which only N had been added. Fingerprinting of bacterial communities by length heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction revealed differences in community structure between NP rhizospheres and N rhizospheres as well as aphid-related differences within N rhizospheres. Specifically, α-proteobacteria increased with P addition. To evaluate if differences in bacteria in terms of their quality as food could partly explain the observed differences in protozoan and nematode abundances, growth of the flagellate Cercomonas sp. was assessed with 935 bacteria isolated from the different treatments. This assay indicated that bacterial isolates were of higher food quality to Cercomonas sp. in NP than in N rhizospheres when plants were subjected to aphid attack. Bacteria of high and low food quality for Cercomonas sp., respectively, were fed to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and larval production examined. α-Proteobacteria supported the growth of Cercomonas sp. well, whereas Actinobacteria did not. In contrast, C. elegans reproduced poorly on most α-proteobacteria but were able to reproduce well on some Actinobacteria. These results suggest that the different response of protozoa and nematodes to P addition could be mediated through a food quality-related change in community composition of bacteria and that leaf aphid attack may interfere with nutrient effects on bacterial assemblages of rhizospheres.     

应用Hydrus-1D模型模拟分析冬小麦农田水分氮素运移特征

将Hydrus 1D水氮联合模型用于模拟冬小麦农田水分氮素运移转化过程,试验和模拟结果表明,北京地区冬小麦农田不同水肥处理小区,蒸散量约400mm,占根层总耗水量的95%以上,水分渗漏到根层以下量很少,各小区最大渗漏量为38.4mm。作物吸氮占总耗氮量的94%以上,而根层以下氮淋失很少,最大氮淋失量为8.7kg/hm2。氮淋失量主要对应于水分渗漏量,可考虑改变灌溉措施减少水氮淋失量。传统水、肥管理方案与优化水、肥管理方案比较,各处理产量和水氮利用效率无显著差异,而前者根层水分渗漏量大并肥料总投入量大。综合评价认为,优化水肥管理措施更合理可取。     

How does litter quality and site heterogeneity interact on decomposer food webs of a semi-natural forest?

The relative importance of litter quality and site heterogeneity on population dynamics of decomposer food webs was investigated in a semi-natural mixed deciduous forest in Denmark. Litterbags containing beech or ash leaves were placed in four plots. Plots were located within gaps and under closed canopies at two topographically different sites, above and below a slope, respectively, to cover variable environmental conditions. Litter was collected after 2, 4 and 9 months of decomposition. Extensive decay prevented analysis of ash after 9 months. Density of bacteria (CFU), active fungal mycelium (FDA), protozoa (MPN) and nematodes were 4-15-fold higher in ash leaves than in beech leaves in accordance with the higher resource quality of ash. Similar effects of site on density of decomposers were evident in both litter types: with some exceptions, decomposers were higher at the low site and stimulated in gaps. Taxonomic diversity of nematodes increased during decomposition and functional diversity of nematodes followed a pattern often encountered, i.e. opportunistic bacterial-feeders were gradually replaced by fungal-feeders and slower growing bacterial-feeders while predators and omnivors peaked at the end of the study period. At the first sampling, where bacterial activity prevailed, the relative abundance of the two dominant bacterial-feeders, Rhabditidae (fast growing) and Plectus spp. (slower growing), depended more on site than litter type. At the second sampling where fungal activity became more important, the proportions of bacterial and fungal-feeding nematodes also depended more on site than on litter type. At the third sampling individual nematode taxa responded differently to site. In summary, we conclude that although litter quality had a major influence on the density of organisms in the decomposer food web, site effects were also detected and nematode functional groups responded more to site than to litter quality early on in the decomposition process.     

Nitrous oxide emission from a soil under permanent grass: Seasonal and diurnal fluctuations as influenced by manuring and fertilization

The emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soil under grass was measured, following applications of cow slurry and NH₄NO₃ fertilizer. The N₂O-flux from untreated soil averaged 0.58 mg Nm^?2 day^?1 through April to August. Application of slurry at the end of April and at the middle of July caused increases in the daily N₂O-flux of up to 40-fold, compared to untreated grass. Applications of NH₄NO₃ increased the N₂O-flux up to 5 times during the same period. The N₂O-flux often showed marked diurnal fluctuations. These fluctuations are not solely associated with change in temperature, but may also be related to grass root activity and to photosynthesis.     

土壤水分对小麦叶片含量水量及生理功能的影响

考察了不同灌溉量条件下，冬小麦不同生育时期土壤水分对植株叶片水分状况及生理功能的影响。结果表明，从返青至封行前的春生5叶期期间，土壤含水量与植株叶片含水量之间呈负相关关系，其中20－40cm深度土壤含水量与叶片含水量达到极显著水平；从挑旗至蜡热期，土壤含水量与植株叶片含水量之间呈正相关关系，其中0－20cm深度土壤含水量与叶片含水量达到极显著水平。叶温以适中含水量条件下表现较低，当处于极端少水条件下叶温显著增高，在偏多水条件下叶温也呈增高趋势。在孕穗期，供水不足使PSⅡ的原初光能转化效率Fv/Fm明显降低，而水量偏多未产生显著影响，在灌浆盛期，供水不足和水量偏多均使Fv/Fm显著下降，叶片含水量由75％下降到70％左右是叶片光合生理活性的一个重要转折点，应作为判断叶片水分亏缺阈值的重要参考。