An analysis of hybrid sterility in rice using a diallel cross of 21 parents involving indica, japonica and wide compatibility varieties

Summary There is much interest in the inter-varietal fertility of Asian cultivated rice. In this study, we analyzed the fertility of hybrids in a diallel set of 210 crosses involving 21 parents representing a broad range of the cultivated rice germplasm including landraces, primitive cultivars, modern elite cultivars and parents of hybrid rice. The materials were also carefully selected with respect to indica-japonica classification including typical indica/japonica, more or less intermediate and wide compatibility varieties. The level of hybrid fertility varied widely among the crosses from almost completely sterile to fully fertile. In general, hybrid fertility of intra-subspecific crosses, i.e., indica by indica (I×I) and japonica by japonica (J×J), is much higher than inter-subspecific crosses (I×J or J×I). The fertility varied widely in hybrids involving wide compatibility varieties and also in inter-subspecific crosses not involving wide compatibility varieties. An analysis of variance showed that both the main effects of indica and japonica parents and the interaction between the parents are highly significant in determining hybrid fertility. We speculate that, in addition to wide compatibility, the overall genetic difference between the indica and japonica parents, that may involve a series of minor mutations, play an important role in determining the hybrid fertility. There are also genes of sizable effect that influence fertility in hybrids resulting from specific combinations of the parents.Abbreviations I×I indica by indica cross - I×J indica by japonica cross - J×I japonica by indica cross - J×J japonica by japonica cross - WCV wide compatibility variety     

新疆棉花高体细胞胚胎发生能力基因型的筛选

本研究以15个新疆主栽优良品种(系)以及两个对照品种YZ-1和Y668为研究对象,利用下胚轴做外植体进行胚胎发生能力的比较研究,筛选出了5个能够胚胎发生的基因型,即新陆早12,新陆早17,新陆早22,新陆早32和新陆早33,其中新陆早32和新陆早33,能在3个月左右分化,且分化率较高,可达90%左右,其它3个品种的分化效率为:新陆早17为46.9%,新陆早12为35.1%,新陆早22为25.3%,但这3个品种的分化时间都比较长,需5个月左右.同时对5个再生品种及两个对照品种的成胚效率进行了比较,由新陆早32和新陆早33诱导的胚性愈伤在胚状体数目及胚胎萌发效率都比较高,具备作为棉花优良遗传转化受体的基本特征,目前已经用于农杆菌介导的转基因试验.上述研究拓展了棉花组织培养及转基因的受体范围,为新疆棉区转基因育种研究工作的开展提供了重要基础材料.     

砀山梨果醋加工工艺研究

优质梨果醋是以新鲜梨为原料,经液体深层发酵而成的优质调味品。以砀山梨为原料,经过对酒精发酵和醋酸发酵工艺的研究,得到了梨果醋。确定了混合菌种发酵的最佳比例,以及酒精发酵和醋酸发酵的最优发酵条件,对果醋产品混浊的原因及其澄清方法进行了研究。实验结果表明,制得的砀山梨果醋风味纯正,并具有水果香味,是一种价值较高的营养保健型果醋。     

过量表达星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora)液泡型H~+-ATP酶c亚基基因提高转基因酵母的耐盐性

植物液泡型H+-ATP酶(V-ATPase)在次级转运与应对多种逆境胁迫中具有重要作用。本研究克隆并解析了能够生长在盐碱地上的野生星星草V-ATPase c亚基基因(Put VHA-c)的功能。本研究利用荧光蛋白(GFP)标记结合内涵体染色的方法研究了Put VHA-c蛋白在酵母细胞中的定位,并利用转基因酵母分析了Put VHA-c基因在盐胁迫中的作用。共定位实验显示Put VHA-c-GFP融合蛋白主要定位在酵母细胞的内涵体上。Northern杂交和实时定量PCR显示在星星草悬浮细胞中Put VHA-c基因的表达能够被盐胁迫所诱导。研究结果结合过表达Put VHA-c的转基因酵母具有更高的耐盐性的发现,说明Put VHA-c基因参与着盐胁迫的应答。     

臭氧防霉、杀虫和去毒效果的探讨

用臭氧机产生臭氧，进行高水分粮的防霉试验、几种主要储粮害虫的防治试验以及油脂的去毒试验。结果表明：较低浓度的臭氧对水分为16．6％和17．7％的玉米，15．5％和16．6％的稻谷，15．6%的糙米有显著的防霉效果；对玉米象、谷蠹的成虫有良好的杀灭作用；对油脂中的黄曲霉毒素B1有较好的降解功能。     

内2优6号生育特性及高产栽培技术模式研究

内2优6号全生育期146d,适于单季稻种植,分蘖力中等,株型较大,每穗约200粒,粒重高,千粒重30.5g,抗倒性较强。但叶片较长较宽。高产栽培的关键,培育壮苗,扩行稀植,控制中后期氮肥用量,增施钾肥,浅湿干灌溉,促进根系生长,提高根系活力和结实率。     

Identifying the alien chromosomes in wheat – Leymus multicaulis derivatives using GISH and RFLP techniques

Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to identify the Leymus multicaulis (XXNN, 2n = 28) chromosomes in wheat-L. muliticaulis derivatives. Fifteen lines containing L. multicaulis alien chromosomes or chromosomal fragments were identified. All alien chromosomes or fragments in these 15 lines were from the X genome and none were from the N genome. Eleven L. multicaulis disomic addition lines and four translocation-addition lines were identified with chromosome rearrangements among homoeologous groups 2, 3, 6 and 7. Only homoeologous group 1 lacked rearrangements in addition or translocation chromosomes. The results revealed that translocation in non-homoeologous chromosomes widely exists in the Triticeae and therefore it is necessary to identify the alien chromosomes (segments) in a wheat background using these combined techniques. During the course of the work, probe PSR112, was found to detect X genome addition lines involving L. multicaulischromosomes. This may prove to be a valuable probe for the identification of alien chromosomes in a wheat background. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

棉花多亲本杂交F_2群体产量性状的效应分析

本文对棉花聚合杂交体系中９个不同亲人配制的８个单交、１０个４交、１１个８交的Ｆ＿２代群体的产量及产量组合性状进行综合分析。结果表明，随着率交亲本数的增加，聚合程度逐步提高，使产量及主要产量组分的遗传增益不断上升，并达到了显著或极显著水平的增加，其中尤以８交群体的聚合增效最为突出。说明多亲本聚合杂交在棉花丰产、优质、抗病和早熟目标的育种中，对产量性状的提高具有显著效果。     

小麦新品种“绵阳26”主要性状与产量的关系

对87个试验点的资料分析，绵阳26的主要性状与产量的回归方程为：y=-1084．3321＋5．265x1 9.0142x2＋5.2486x3＋8.3796x4＋6．3627x5。经偏回归和偏相关分析，产量构成因素中，千粒重，有效穗对绵阳26的产量贡献和影响最大（b'4=1．2769．b'2=1．1272，R2y0=0．7287，R4y0=005689）；而千粒重、有效穗、穗粒数之间为负相关，存在着不同程度的制约关系。在本资料现有产量的基础上，稳定千粒重，主攻穗数和穗粒数的提高，是发挥绵阳26高产潜力的决定因素。     

Interactions between different genotypic tissues in citrus graft chimeras

The heritability of tolerance of wheat F₃ lines to competition from annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), and its relationship to morphological traits, were determined using crosses between wheat cultivars with good and poor competitive ability. Forty F₂-derived F₃ lines from a cross between two late flowering varieties (Machete × Spear) and 40 from a cross between early flowering varieties (Wilgoyne × Gutha) were grown in the field with and without annual ryegrass. There was significant genetic variation between lines within each of the two populations in a number of aspects of plant growth and development, including yield in monoculture. The estimates of heritability for % yield loss due to competition were 0.25 and 0.57 in the two crosses respectively, indicating that selection for high tolerance to competition in the F₃ generation or later should be effective. Fairly strong relationships between height and % yield loss and between leaf length and % yield loss suggest that these may be useful auxiliary traits when selecting for low % yield loss. However, differences between crosses in the magnitude and sign of genetic and phenotypic correlation between traits indicate that competitive ability is a complex character influenced by many factors. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.