龙须菜细胞壁多糖对硼的吸附性能研究

为研究龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)细胞壁多糖对硼的吸附作用机制及官能团之间的交互作用,本试验分别采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP-OES)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)技术对其细胞壁多糖组分在吸附试验中进行硼的测定和表征。结果表明,细胞壁去琼胶后,硼吸附量减少50.13%,半纤维素去除后,硼吸附量减少21.20%,故可得纤维素吸附量占细胞壁总硼吸附量的28.67%。同时,通过细胞壁不同组分脱硼及硼胁迫后的红外光谱表征结果可知,龙须菜细胞壁及多糖在吸附硼的过程中,羟基、羧基、多糖碳链C-C为硼离子的主要结合位点,其中,琼胶、半纤维素中起主要作用的官能团为羟基、羧基,纤维素中起主要作用的官能团为多糖碳链C-C。本研究结果为进一步探究龙须菜多糖组分与硼的内在结合机制提供了基础依据。     

Improvement of toughness for the hyaluronic acid and adipic acid dihydrazide hydrogel by PEG

New applications call for many new requirements. In order to improve the toughness of aldehyde hyaluronic acid (A-HA) and adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) hydrogel, the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was added. PEG content and molecular weight have little effect on the gelation time, and the composite hydrogels can form in situ within 20 seconds at room temperature. The press test showed that the hydrogels containing PEG possessed a better compression resistance, after pressed more than five times, the composite hydrogels could restore. Rheological properties were measured to evaluate the working ability and the effect of PEG on hydrogels. By analyzing the shear viscosity (η _γ=0.01), yield stress (σ ₀) and threshold shear stress (σ _c ), the addition of PEG can make the structure of composite hydrogels get loose and improve the shear resistance. Especially, PEG800 can enhance the antishear ability obviously. The amplitude sweep tests showed a broad linear viscoelastic region, indicating a wide processing range. In the meanwhile, we also found that PEG can improve the optical transmittance of xerogel evidently.     

环保畜牧业与健康养殖发展探讨

当今,养殖业面对的环保要求越来越高,且人类社会对畜禽产品的质量也是高度关注。本文从畜牧业污染产生的危害、治理思路、控污的具体措施以及健康的养殖模式展开分析,并做出一些对未来养殖业发展的预测,旨在为环保养殖提供参考与借鉴。     

用于黑土的稳定性氯化铵的适宜硝化抑制剂和氮肥增效剂组合

【目的】本文研究添加不同种类硝化抑制剂的高效稳定性氯化铵氮肥在黑土中的施用效果，旨在筛选出适合旱作黑土的高效稳定性氯化铵态氮肥。【方法】在氯化铵中分别添加硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐 (DMPP)、双氰胺 (DCD)、2-氯-6-三甲基吡啶 (Nitrapyrin，CP)、氨保护剂 (N-GD) 和1种氮肥增效剂 (HFJ) 及其组合，制成9种稳定性氯化铵氮肥。以不施氮肥 (CK) 和施普通氯化铵 (CK-N) 为对照，以9种稳定性氯化铵为处理进行了等氮量盆栽试验。在玉米苗期、大喇叭口期、灌浆期和成熟期测定了土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量，在玉米成熟期测定植株生物量、籽粒产量和氮素含量，计算铵态氮肥的表观硝化率、硝化抑制率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力。【结果】1) 与CK-N处理相比，9个处理均显著提高玉米的产量，HFJ的效果均为最显著，可增加玉米籽粒产量3.99倍，提高氮肥吸收利用率4.98倍，显著高于8个硝化抑制剂处理 (P < 0.05)。CP + DMPP和CP + DCD处理提高玉米籽粒产量1.90～2.11倍，两个处理之间无显著差异；CP + DMPP玉米生物量显著高于CP处理，而与DMPP和DCD处理无显著差异；CP + DMPP玉米氮肥吸收利用率显著高于CP和DMPP处理，显著提高3.71倍 (P < 0.05)；2) CP + DMPP和CP + DCD土壤中铵态氮含量提高2.09～2.42倍，且显著高于CP、DMPP和DCD处理 (P < 0.05)，而硝态氮含量和土壤表观硝化率均显著降低24%和66%～68%，与CP和DCD处理存在显著差异 (P < 0.05)；苗期CP + DMPP和CP + DCD硝化抑制率高达23.9%～24.3%，显著高于CP和DCD (P < 0.05)。【结论】在黑土中，氯化铵中添加硝化抑制剂组合的硝化抑制率显著高于添加单一抑制剂，能够有效减缓土壤中铵态氮向硝态氮的转化，减少土壤中氮素损失，降低环境污染。CP + DMPP组合玉米的氮肥吸收利用率显著高于CP + DCD组合。氮肥增效剂HFJ显著增加玉米的氮素吸收量，提高氮肥利用率，从而使玉米获得高产并获得较高的收获指数和经济系数。因此，综合考虑产量和抑制硝化作用等因素，黑土区氯化铵作为玉米生产用氮肥时，建议首选添加氮肥增效剂HFJ来保证作物的高产和氮肥高利用率，也可以添加硝化抑制剂组合CP + DMPP，或者CP + DCD制备稳定性氯化铵来提高氯化铵的增产效果和氮肥利用率，减少氮素损失，降低环境污染。     

热带土壤中解淀粉芽孢杆菌HNU1的鉴定及发酵条件优化

重金属毒性强、不可降解，在环境中可持续存在，土壤中的重金属可通过食物链累积，对生物体的健康构成严重威胁。土壤微生物修复重金属污染方法具有经济成本低、周期短、效率高、无二次污染等优点，也存在外源微生物在土壤环境中不易存活和繁殖的缺点。通过形态观察、生理生化试验以及16S rDNA同源性序列分析对前期研究中分离保存的一株铜富集细菌HNU1菌株进行鉴定，鉴定该菌为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。并通过单因素试验和正交试验找出该菌株的最适发酵条件，该菌的最适培养基组成为蔗糖2 g·L-1，酵母粉4 g·L-1，胰蛋白胨6 g·L-1，MgSO4 5 g·L-1。培养条件为初始pH为8.0，温度37 ℃，接种量0.1%，摇床转速180 r·min-1，50 mL三角瓶中装液量20 mL。鉴定的解淀粉芽孢杆菌HNU1菌株对Cu具有良好的富集作用，可进一步开发为微生物肥料用于重金属污染农田土壤的修复，对土壤修复和改良具有重大意义。     

高州油茶人工林碳储量分布特征

【目的】探明高州油茶Camellia gauchowensi人工林碳储量及分布特征,并估算评价其固碳效应。【方法】根据样地植株径级分布特征,选取不同径级样株各2～3株,取树叶、树干、树枝、树根、果实、花芽各器官测定生物量和碳含量,并建立各器官生物量模型;在标准地内按"S"形选取8个样点,沿土壤剖面分层采集0～20、20～40、40～60和60～100 cm土层的土壤样品,测定土壤容重与碳含量,计算碳储量。【结果】高州油茶中龄林植株各器官生物量分配比例依次为树干树根树叶树枝果实花芽,各器官生物量均随地径的增大而增大。试验林分总生物量为26.902 t·hm~(-2),树体平均碳质量分数为483.45 g·kg-1。同径级各器官的碳含量不同,其中,果实平均碳含量最高。林地100 cm深土层中,土壤碳含量随着土层深度的增加呈明显递减规律,其中,0～20 cm土层碳含量最高,碳质量分数为26.550 g·kg-1。高州油茶林地总碳储量为144.538 t·hm~(-2),其中,树体碳储量为12.857 t·hm~(-2),占总碳储量的8.90%;林地土壤碳储量为131.681 t·hm~(-2),占总碳储量的91.10%。根据中国生物多样性国情报告编写组数据,碳价格为260.90元·t-1,则本试验高州油茶林的碳汇经济效益约为3.8万元·hm~(-2)。【结论】高州油茶林分碳储量高于广东省经济林平均碳储量,林地土壤碳储量高于广东省平均土壤碳储量,林分总碳储量高于珠三角森林生态系统碳储量,具有较高的生态效益。高州油茶不仅有较好的生产效益,而且具有十分广阔的固碳前景。     

Microbial remediation of a pentachloronitrobenzene-contaminated soil under Panax notoginseng: A field experiment

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) is an organochlorine fungicide that is mainly used in the prevention and control of diseases in crop seedlings. Microbial removal is used as a promising method for in-situ removal of many organic pesticides and pesticide residues. A short-term field experiment (1 year) was conducted to explore the potential role of a PCNB-degrading bacterial isolate, Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85, in the remediation of a PCNB-contaminated soil on which Panax notoginseng was grown. The following three treatments were used:i) control soil amended with wheat bran but without YNS-85, ii) soil with 0.15 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (A), and iii) soil with 0.30 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (B). The removal of soil PCNB during the microbial remediation was monitored using gas chromatography. Soil catalase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) esterase activities were determined using spectrophotometry. In addition, cultivable bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were counted by plating serial dilutions, and the microbial biodiversity of the soil was analyzed using BIOLOG. After 1 year of in-situ remediation, the soil PCNB concentrations decreased significantly by 50.3% and 74.2% in treatments A and B, respectively, when compared with the uninoculated control. The soil catalase activity decreased in the presence of the bacterial isolate, the FDA esterase activity decreased in treatment A, but increased in treatment B. No significant changes in plant biomass, diversity of the soil microbial community, or physicochemical properties of the soil were observed between the control and inoculated groups (P<0.05). The results indicate that Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85 is a potential candidate for the remediation of PCNB-contaminated soils under P. notoginseng.     

Integrating meteorological factors for better understanding of the urban form-air quality relationship

Landscape Ecology - Understanding the urban form-air quality relationship is essential to mitigate intra-urban air pollution and to improve urban ecology. However, few studies considered urban form...     

Effect of dietary Moringa stem meal level on growth performance,slaughter performance and serum biochemical parameters in geese

Moringa stem meal (MSM) with a high level of crude fibre (CF) might be developed and utilized in herbivorous geese as an unconventional feedstuff. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the MSM level in the diet on the growth performance, slaughter performance, breast meat quality and serum biochemical parameters in geese from 22 to 70 days of age. A one-factor completely randomized design was adopted in our study. A total of one thousand eight 21-day-old geese were randomly divided into six groups, with six replicates per group and 28 birds per replicate. The geese were fed diets containing MSM levels of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 g/kg during day 22–70. The dietary MSM level had no effect (p > .05) on the final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) or average daily feed intake (ADFI). The feed/gain ratio (F/G) increased linearly (p < .001) as the dietary MSM level increased. No differences (p > .05) were observed in the slaughter performance, meat quality and the relative organ weight (except for thymus) of the geese (p > .05). The relative weight of the thymus in the geese fed diets with supplementation of MSM was higher than that in the non-supplemented MSM control group (p < .05). In addition, 100 g MSM/kg of diet decreased the serum glucose (GLU) level (p < .05) and increased the alanine transaminase (ALT) enzyme activity (p = .03). Dietary MSM levels of no more than 60 g/kg had no effects on the growth performance and slaughter performance, whereas diets with 100 g MSM/kg increased the F/G and serum ALT enzyme activity, as well as decreasing the serum GLU level. Therefore, MSM provided at a reasonable level could be developed as an unconventional feedstuff for geese at the finisher period.     

基于逆周期的主权信用评级指标体系研究

现行国际主权信用评级呈现出明显的顺周期特征而广受诟病。在对评级指标体系优化的基础上，采用90个主权国家2005~2012年经济数据进行面板随机效应和门限效应回归，对主权信用评级决定模型进行估计，运用欧债危机发生前后的数据进行模拟评级，结果表明：优化后的指标体系显示出较好的逆周期特征。