Controversial issues in drug treatment during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

The goal of advanced life support in CPR must be to restore and maintain respiratory and hemodynamic effectiveness, and to correct the underlying dysrhythmia. Optimal basic life-support techniques must be continued to meet these goals. Many drugs have been suggested in the treatment of cardiac arrest, but unfortunately, drug effects are inconsistent and resuscitation rates remain low. Epinephrine, atropine, lidocaine, bretylium, and naloxone remain important drugs for consideration in CPR in most animals with cardiac arrest. The best chance of survival remains in early recognition of animals susceptible to arrest and in treatment of the underlying cause.     

Coagulopathic Effects and Therapy of Brodifacoum Toxicosis in Dogs

The clinical signs and laboratory changes of brodifacoum (BDF) intoxicated dogs and their response to vitamin K1 treatment were examined. Brodifacoum, a second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide, was fed to four dogs for 3 consecutive days producing a cumulative dose of 1.1 mg BDF/kg body weight. Clinical observations of the animals were made daily throughout the study. Monitored laboratory parameters included: one-stage prothrombin time (OSPT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), activated coagulation time (ACT), complete blood counts, thrombocyte counts, and serum chemistry values. Response to vitamin K1 therapy was evaluated clinically and by laboratory tests. Serum BDF concentrations were monitored. Inappetence and hemorrhagic tendencies were exhibited by day 5 postrodenticide exposure. One-stage prothrombin time, APTT, and ACT were 25% greater than time zero values at 24, 24, and 72 hours postdosing, respectively. All laboratory parameters returned to normal within 48 hours of initiating vitamin K1 therapy (0.83 mg/kg orally, TID for 5 days). Serum brodifacoum concentrations were highest (1065-1215 ng/mL) during the 3 days after BDF dosing and were detectable (3.0-7.5 ng/mL) until day 24 postexposure. A mean BDF elimination half-life of 6 +/- 4 days was observed.     

A model for long-term sampling of lymph from the jejunal lymphatic trunk in pigs and sheep

Eine Methode zur langfristigen Lymphsammlung aus der jejunalen Lymphbahn bei Schweinen und Schafen Es wird eine Methode zur langfristigen Lymphsammlung im Dünndarmbereich von Schweinen und Schafen vorgestellt. Mit Hilfe eines chirurgischen Eingriffs wurde ein Silikon-Katheder im truncus lymphaticus jejunalis implantiert. Zusätzlich wurde ein zweiter Katheter in die hintere vena cava in Richtung Herz eingesetzt. Beide Katheter wurden sofort miteinander verbunden, um die Wiedereinführung der jejunalen Lymphe in den Blutkreislauf zu gewährleisten. Der negative Druck in der hinteren vena cava im Thoraxteil förderte den Lymphfluß durch das Katheter im truncus lymphaticus jejunalis. Der preprandiale Lymphfluß des Jéjunums betrug bei Schweinen 0,3 ml/h/kg Körpergewicht und stieg postprandial auf 0,78 ml/h/kg an. Beim Schaf betrug der Basiswert 0,75 ml/h/kg. Er stieg nach intraduodenaler Infusion von Rapsöl auf 4,75 ml/h/kg. Eine mechanische Stimulation der intestinalen Receptoren durch 0,9% NaCl-Lösung stimulierte ebenfalls den Lymphfluß.     

Changes in some biochemical indicators of bone turnover after ultraviolet irradiation of dairy cows

The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on some biochemical indicators of bone turnover in dairy cows was determined. The irradiation was performed using a stationary system for two months and comprised a regimen of 10 days irradiation followed by 10 days rest. After ultraviolet irradiation, significant differences in the activities of serum alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.001) and bone alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme (P < 0.05) and concentration of osteocalcin (P < 0.01) were demonstrated. The results suggest that supplementary ultraviolet irradiation during winter could be used as a simple but reliable method of preventing the development of generalised metabolic bone disorders in dairy cows.     

Comparison of disease progress curves for yam anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)

The incidence and severity of foliar anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides , were recorded for seven fields of yams ( Dioscorea alata var. White Lisbon) in Barbados over a complete growing season. A scoring system was developed to estimate severity, placing the emphasis on the earliest, least visible stages of the disease. Disease progress curves were described in terms of the logistic model and the effects of site and leaf age on the parameters as well as on disease at tuber bulking were analysed. Differences between sites indicated that disease was more severe in areas of higher rainfall. In severe epidemics, disease predominated on young leaves. Fungicides applied sufficiently early can delay the onset of disease and slow the rate of disease progress.     

Seasonality of cattle feed sources in Pabna,Bangladesh

Summary Cattle feed sources were studied at village level in Pabna district, Bangladesh. A large quantity of feed was offered. In the monsoon the average amount of DM fed to a mature animal of 210kg was 7·1kg d⁻¹, consisting of about equal amounts of straw, weeds and leaves. In winter animals grazed for an average of 3·7hd⁻¹ and were supplemented with 3·9kgDMd⁻¹ (two-thirds straw). In summer they were offered 5·4kgDMd⁻¹ (one-third straw and two-thirds weeds and leaves) and they grazed for 0·5hd⁻¹. The major limiting constraint on cattle production is the quality of the feed offered, particularly in the monsoon period when animals cannot graze. In future, feed quality will become even more of a problem because grazing lands are gradually disappearing.

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Resumen Se estudiaron las fuentes de alimentos para el ganado a nivel de villorrio en el distrito de Pabna, Bangladesh. Se ofreció gran cantidad de alimento. En la época de monsones, la cantidad promedio de materia seca (MS) suministrada a un animal maduro de 210kg fue 7·1kgd⁻¹, la que consistió en cantidades iguales de paja, malezas y hojas. En invierno los animales pastorearon un promedio de 3·7hd⁻¹ y fueron suplementados con 3·9kgMSd⁻¹ (dos tercios paja). En verano se ofrecieron 5·4kgMSd⁻¹ (un tercio paja y dos tercios malezas y hojas), pastoreando los animales 0·5hd⁻¹. La mayor limitante encontrada, fue la calidad del alimento ofrecido, particularmente en la época de monsones, cuando los animales no pueden pastorear. En el futuro, la calidad del alimento empeorará, ya que las pasturas están desapareciendo gradualmente.

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Résumé Les disponibilités alimentaires du bétail ont été étudiées dans le district de Pabna (Bangladesh), au sein d'un village. Une grande quantité de nourriture fut offerte. Lors de la mousson, la quantité moyenne de matière sèche présentée à un adulte de 210kg était de 7,1kg/j, consistant en proportion à peu près équivalente de paille, mauvaises herbes et feuilles. En hiver, les animaux paturaient en moyenne 3,7kg/j et recevaient un supplément de 3,9kg/j de matières sèchs (deux tiers de paille). En été, on leur a distribué 5,4kg/j de matières sèches (un tiers de pailles, deux tiers de mauvaises herbes et de feuilles) et ils paturaient pendant une demi-heure (0,5h/j). Le facteur majeur limitant réside dans la qualité nutritive offerte, particulièrement pendant la mousson, période où les animaux ne peuvent pas paturer. La qualité de l'alimentation risque de devenir encore plus problématique du fait de la disparition progressive des paturages.

     

Resident Dendritic Cells in the Epidermis: Langerhans Cells, Merkel Cells and Melanocytes

Résumé— En plus des kératinocytes, l'épiderme contient des cellules résidentes de morphologie dendritique. Ce sont principalement la cellule de Langerhans, la cellule de Merkel et le mélanocyte. Ces cellules ont des fonctions diverses dans le tégument. Le mélanocyte assure la pigmentation cutanée et la protection contre les radiations U.V., et pourrait intervenir également dans la modulation de l'inflammation cutanée. La cellule de Langerhans intervient dans la surveillance immunologique des surfaces corporelles ecternes. La cellule de Merkel a des fonctions neuroendocrines. Cet article donne un aperçu de la structure et de la fonction de ces trois importantes populations cellulaires dans la peau. [Resident dentritic cells in the epidermis: Langerhans cells, Merkel cells and melanocytes (Cellules dentritiques résidentes de l'épiderme: cellules de Langerhans, cellules de Merkel et mélanocytes). Resumen— La epidermis contiene, además de los queratinocitos, células résidentes de morfologia dendria dendritica. Estas son principalmente las células de Langerhans, las células de Merkel y los melanocitos. Estas células tienen varias funciones en el integumento. Los melanocitos se encargan de la pigmentación y protección de la piel contra la radiación ultravioleta y tarrtbién participan en la regulación de la inflamación cutánea. Las células de Langerhans ayudan en la regulación inmunológica en la superficie externa. Las células de Merkel tienen funciones neuroendocrinas. Esta revisión da un repaso general a la estructura y función de tres importantes células de la piel. [Resident dendsuitic cells in the epidermis: Langerhans cells, Merkel cells and Melanocytes (Células résidentes en la epidermis: células de Langerhans, células de Merkel y melanocitos). Abstract— In addition to the keratinocytes, the epidermis contains resident cells of dendritic morphology. These are principally the Langerhans cell, Merkel cell and melanocyte. These cells have a number of different functions in the integument. The melanocyte is responsible for skin pigmentation and protection against UV radiation, and may also play a role in the modulation of cutaneous inflammation. The Langerhans cell aids in the immunological monitoring of the body's external surfaces. The Merkel cell has neuroendocrine functions. This review gives an overview of the structure and function of these three important cells of the skin.