Die Einwirkung von Insektiziden auf die neurosekretorischen Zellen vonPemphigus bursarius L. (Aphidina)

Zusammenfassung Die histologischen Veränderungen nach der Anwendung der drei Insektizide, E 605, Systox und Plantaced, ergaben für die neurosekretorischen Zellen keine gleichartigen Veränderungen, vielmehr verhielten sich die verschiedenen Generationen in den untersuchten Entwicklungsphasen verschieden.Bei der Fundatrix traten eine Aufblähung des Plasmas und nekrotische Veränderung der Zellkörper sowie deutliche Volumenzunahme der Zellkerne bis zu ca. 78 ³ auf. Die NSZ zeigten abgeschwächte Färbbarkeit.Bei den geflügelten Nachkommen der Fundatrix wurden riesengroße NSZ beobachtet; das Volumen der Zellkerne war bis zu ca. 268 ³ gestiegen.Bei den Salatwurzelläusen konnten nach der Behandlung mit den genannten Insektiziden im Unterschlundganglion keine NSZ beobachtet werden. Eine starke Volumenabnahme der Zellkerne wurde, von ca. 268 ³ auf 50 ³ festgestellt. Nekrotische Veränderung der Zellkerne und Fragmentation (Karyorrhexis) des Chromatins waren nachweisbar. Der Unterschied im Verhalten der NSZ der Wurzelläuse im Vergleich zu den anderen Generationen ist vielleicht dadurch bedingt, daß die Wirkung der Insektizide im Boden anders ist.Bei den Sexuparae zeigte das Zellchromatin nach der Begiftung eine Pyknose, was schließlich zu einer Degeneration des Kernes führte. Außerdem trat eine Volumenzunahme des Nucleolus auf.Bei den Weibchen der zweigeschlechtlichen Generation war eine Veränderung der Kerne durch Schwellung zu beobachten, die mit großem Verlust der Färbbarkeit einherging.Bei den Männchen mit Flügelanlagen schließlich trat bei den Zellkernen der NSZ eine Volumenzunahme ein, jedoch zeigten die Nucleoli keine Vergrößerung. Am Zellchromatin war beginnende Pyknose zu bemerken. Beachtenswert war die wenig veränderte Gesamtanzahl der NSZ trotz Insektizideinwirkung. Die Prüfung mit dem t-Test ergab, daß die festgestellte Differenz zwischen den Mittelwerten normaler und behandelter Tiere nicht signifikant war.

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Summary Histological experiments have been performed on the neurosecretory system of various generations of the poplarlousePemphigus bursarius (L.), after injection of various phosphor-acid-ester insecticides (E 605, Systox and Plantaced), in sublethal doeses.After poisoning the nuclei of the neurosecretory cells of both the fundatrix and flying generations, became very distinct, increasing in volume until finally the chromophobic could be observed. On the contrary after poisoning the lettuce-root generation, the nuclei appeared to decrease in volume from the approximately 267 ³ down to 50 ³, and nekrosis was observed.The degree to which the different insecticides effected the nuclei of the Sexuparae generation has been examined and pyknosis has been observed, culminating in the degeneration of cell nucleus material.Progressive intoxication in females of the sexual generation caused the chromatine of the nuclei to lose its distinctive colouring, whilst in males similar intoxication caused the onset of pyknosis. In these circumstances it was not possible to observe any enlargement of nucleoli.In all generations the number of active neurosecretory cells in the different parts of the nervous system decreased after poisoning. No significant difference in the total number of neurosecretory cells present in the fundatrix generation and the males of the sexual generation was found.

     

Verhalten der Mycetomzellen nach Insectizid-Einwirkung beiPemphigus bursarius L. (Aphidina)

Zusammenfassung Das Mycetom der Pappel-BlattlausPemphigus bursarius L. wurde lichtmikroskopisch untersucht.Bei allen Generationen trat nach der Behandlung mit verschiedenen Phosphorsäureester-lnsectiziden (E 605, Systox, Plantaced) in sublethaler Dosis zunächst eine Auflockerung im Plasma der in den Mycetomzellen gelagerten Symbionten auf, später zeigte sich eine Auflösung der Zellwand der Mycetomzellen und eine dadurch bedingte Zerstreuung der Symbionten. Schließlich war bei den Nymphen und der geflügelten Generation Chromatolyse und Pyknose der Kerne der Mycetomzellen zu beobachten. Bei den Embryonen der verschiedenen lebendgebärenden Generationen konnte keine Gifteinwirkung bei den Mycetomzellen festgestellt werden. Das bedeutet, daß trotz starker Schädigung der Muttertiere, das Gift nicht bis zu den Embryonen vordringen konnte.Über die Durchlässigkeit der Uteruswandung konnten bislang noch keine Untersuchungen durchgeführt werden, so daß über die Ursachen der Unversehrtheit der Embryonen zunächst nichts ausgesagt werden kann.

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Summary The organe-coloured mycetom of the Poplar-lousePemphigus bursarius (L.) have been examined with a light microscope. By all generations of insects appear after injektion of various phosphor-acid-ester insecticide (E 605, Systox, Plantaced), in sublethal dose, a special loosening of plasma of the mycetom-cells, and later dissolving of mycetomal covering membranes, and finally dispersion of saccharomycetes of mycetomal cells. The effectiveness of insecticides in the nymph and flying insects generation has been expressed by cell-nucleus materials. I could not see any symptoms on mycetom cell of the embryos of various generations of insects. It is to indicate that, possibly no impairment of absorption or centripetal transport of insecticide has been forwarded to the embryos, accordingly the mechanisms of this very efficient absorption and centripetal transport in the insects-uterus has not yet been carefully studied.

     

Wirkungen von Precocen I aufCulex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera,Culicidae)

Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Wirkungen von Precocen I (PI) unter Laborverhältnissen auf die frühen L4 und Puppen vonCulex quinquefasciatus bei Konzentrationen von 0,001–10,0 ppm untersucht. Das Spektrum der PI-Wirkungen schloß die Larven-und Adulten-Mortalität bei 0,1–10,0 ppm ein. Die Verpuppungs-und Adultenschlüpf-Periode wurden bei Dosen von 0,001–5,0 ppm verzögert. Auf die larvalen Nachkommen vonC. qu. wirkte sich die PI-Behandlung (0,001–10,0 ppm) in verringerter Fekundität und Eischlüpfquote, verzögerte Larvenentwicklung und schließlichem Absterben aus.

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Effects of precocene I onCulex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera, Culicidae)

The effects of precocene-I (PI) onCulex quinquefasciatus Say were studied under laboratory conditions by treating laboratory reared early 4th instar larvae and pupae with 0.001–10.0 ppm of PI. The range of PI effects included larval and adult mortalities at 0.1–10.0 ppm. Pupation and adult emergence periods were delayed at 0.001–5.0 ppm. Effects of PI were maintained to offsprings ofC. quinquefasciatus. These effects involved reduced fecundity, reduced egg hatchability and delayed larval offspring development and finally the death at 0.001–10.0 ppm of PI.

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Mit einer Abbildung und 4 Tabellen     

Evaluation of gallbladder volume and contraction index with three-dimensional ultrasonography in healthy dogs

Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography has been shown to be an accurate and appropriate tool for measurement of gallbladder volume in humans. Therefore, we applied this novel technique for the first time to study fasting and postprandial gallbladder volume in 10 healthy dogs and compared the results with those of 2-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography. Fasting gallbladder volumes determined by 3D ultrasonography were significantly higher than corresponding volumes determined by 2D ultrasonography (P<0.01). Additionally, gallbladder volumes were significantly decreased in the postprandial state compared with the fasting state using 3D ultrasonography (P<0.001), but 2D ultrasonography showed no significant difference (P=0.189). The Gallbladder contraction index was higher in 3D ultrasonography than 2D ultrasonography; however, it did not reach statistical significance (P=0.25). In conclusion, 3D ultrasonography was able to measure gallbladder volume in healthy dogs in this study. It is suggested that 3D ultrasonography can be used to accurately estimate gallbladder volume and contractility.     

A PCR-based assay for differentiating A- and A*-type strains of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, the causal agent of Asiatic citrus canker

By applying A- and A*-type strains of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) in a repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR), two DNA amplicons, one unique to each strain, were evaluated as a probe against the DNA of Xcc strains. Two pairs of primers derived from these amplicons were tested in a PCR analysis. The results confirmed that primers Ms⁺/Ms^? are useful for differentiating A-type from A*-type strains of Xcc. Also, a multiplex PCR with both set of primers can be used to distinguish three groups in Xcc populations: A-type strains and two subgroups of A* strains including Iranian and Thai A* strains.     

Influence of dietary lipid sources on growth,reproductive performance and fatty acid compositions of muscle and egg in three‐spot gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus) (Pallas, 1770)

Five isonitrogenous (420 g kg^?1 crude protein) and isoenergetic (16.3 kJ g^?1) practical diets were formulated to contain fish oil (FO), Kilka fish oil (KFO), linseed (LO), canola (CO) and soybean (SBO) oils fed to juveniles of three‐spot gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus) (initial weight 1 ± 0.03 g) three times per day to apparent satiation for 14 weeks. Results showed the mean final weight of brooders was not significantly affected by dietary oil sources. Specific growth rate for fish fed in SBO and CO diets was statistically higher than for fish fed diet LO. Fish fed diets CO and KFO showed in significantly higher GSI value compared with other diets. Absolute fecundity was greatest in fish fed diets KFO and CO, which significantly differ with other treatments. Except for KFO diet, high fertilization percentages (87.3–93.45%) were observed in other treatments. Fatty acid composition of muscle and egg was found to be positively correlated with their respective dietary lipid sources. High levels of EPA, DHA and n‐3 HUFA in brooders fed diet FO negatively affect egg quality parameters. Therefore, the results demonstrated that vegetable oil‐based diets (CO, SBO and LO, respectively) can positively affect on growth performance of juveniles compared with fish oil‐based diets. Furthermore, CO and LO diets, respectively, showed positive effects on reproductive performance in T. trichopterus compared with fish oil diets during experimental period under controlled conditions.     

Effect of β-aminobutyric acid on resistance of tomato against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Stem rot of tomato caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) results in economic yield loss worldwide. Previous studies have...     

Interactive Effect of Fluorescent Pseudomonads Rhizobacteria and Zn on the Growth,Chemical Composition,and Water Relations of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Seedlings under NaCl Stress

The role of fluorescent pseudomonads isolates (pf₀, pf₁, pf₂, and pf₃) and zinc (Zn) (0 and 5 mg kg^?1 soil) interactions in alleviating salinity in pistachio seedlings were investigated. The experiment was conducted following completely randomized design with three replicates. The results revealed that salinity decreased the growth parameters, while application of PGPR (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) and Zn increased these parameters. Application of PGPR significantly enhanced phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), Zn, Ca/sodium (Na), and K/Na contents, while decreased the accumulation of Na and chloride (Cl). Application of PGPR and Zn increased the phenolic compounds, sucrose, membrane stability index (MSI), and relative water content (RWC) but reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) amount. A positive correlation was observed between Zn concentrations with seedling dry weights, phenolic compounds, MSI, and RWC contents. These results indicated that the combined application of PGPR and Zn could be a simple treatment for growth and establishment of pistachio seedlings under Zn deficiency and soil salinity.     

Incorporating Roasted Coffee Bean into Nile Tilapia Diets Does Not Improve Growth Performance

This study was conducted to use ground roasted coffee bean (GRC; Coffee arabia) as a feed supplement in diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish (1.9 ± 0.03 g) were fed diets containing 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 5.0 g GRC/kg in triplicate for 10 weeks. Final fish weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected by GRC incorporation up to 1.0 g/kg, after which growth declined. Fish fed diets containing 2.0 and 5.0 g GRC/kg consumed less than the other treatments, giving the highest FCR (1.4 and 1.5, respectively). No significant differences were observed in fat efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and energy utilization for the 0.0–1.0 GRC/kg diets; lowest values of these parameters were obtained with the 2.0 and 5.0 g GRC/kg diets. Supplementation of GRC significantly reduced fish whole-body protein content and increased lipid and ash.