Comparison of Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,and Blue Catfish,Ictalurus furcatus,Fed Diets Containing Various Levels of Protein in Production Ponds

A comparative study was conducted on growth and protein requirements of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus. Four diets containing 24, 28, 32, or 36% protein were fed to both channel (initial weight 6.9 g/fish) and blue (6.6 g/fish) catfish for two growing seasons. There were significant interactions between dietary protein and fish species for weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). No significant differences were observed in weight gain of channel catfish fed various protein diets, whereas higher protein diets (32 and 36%) resulted in better weight gain in blue catfish than lower protein diets (24 and 28%). No consistent differences were observed in the FCR of channel catfish fed various levels of dietary protein, whereas significantly higher FCRs were noted in blue catfish fed the 24 and 28% protein diets compared with fish fed 32 and 36% protein diets. Regardless of dietary protein levels, blue catfish had higher carcass, nugget, and total meat yield, and higher fillet moisture and protein, but lower fillet yield and fillet fat. Regardless of fish species, fish fed the 36% protein diet had higher carcass, fillet, and total meat yield than fish fed the 28 and 32% protein diets, which in turn had higher yields than fish fed the 24% protein diet. It appears that blue catfish can be successfully cultured by feeding a 32% protein diet.     

内蒙古乌梁素海湿地彩鹬繁殖习性观察

2005年4月～2007年9月,在内蒙古乌梁素海湿地自然保护区对彩鹬繁殖习性进行了观察,研究结果表明,彩鹬每年4月下旬迁徙到乌梁素海,常活动于乌梁素海东岸边缘浅水区、沼泽地带,6月下旬营巢于四边环水的土丘草丛中,产卵初期刨浅盘状小土坑,产卵3～4枚时逐步铺垫香蒲茎、苇叶等干草.其婚配制度为鸟类中非常少见的一雄多雌或一雌多雄制.窝卵数4～7枚,日产1卵.雄鸟承担大部分营巢和孵化工作.其孵化期为18～19 d,雏乌属早成乌,幼雏有绒羽,出壳毛干后即能入水.居留期约为170 d.     

Response of Pond‐raised Fingerling Hybrid Catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus,to Dietary Protein Concentrations and Sources

This study examined four experimental diets with different protein concentrations and sources for pond‐raised fingerling hybrid catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus. A 35% protein diet with fishmeal was used as the control diet. Test diets were 32 and 28% all‐plant‐protein diets and a 28% protein diet with porcine meat, bone, and blood meal. Small fingerlings with a mean initial weight of 2.9 g/fish were stocked into 20 earthen ponds (0.04 ha) at a density of 172,970 fish/ha. They were fed once daily to apparent satiation for 107 d. No significant differences were observed for total diet fed, gross yield, final weight, survival, or condition factor among dietary treatments. However, fish fed the 28 and 32% all‐plant‐protein diets had a significantly higher feed conversion ratio than fish fed the 35% protein diet with fishmeal. There were no significant differences in chlorophyll a and nitrite concentrations in the pond water, but ponds receiving the 35% protein diet had significantly higher ammonia than those receiving 28% protein diets. Economic analysis suggested potential cost savings by using low‐protein and all‐plant‐protein diets for hybrid catfish fingerling production.     

探讨"一事不再罚"原则在动物卫生行政执法实践中的几个问题

一事不再罚是现代法治社会的一个重要原则,目的在于防止重复处罚,体现过罚相当的法律原则,以保护当事人的合法权益。《行政处罚法》第24条规定,对当事人同一违法行     

Effect of various dietary vitamin A levels on growth performance and immune response of tilapia (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis niloticus</Emphasis>)

Six purified vitamin-free casein-based diets were formulated to contain six levels vitamin A at 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 IU·kg⁻¹, respectively. Tilapias (initial mean weight: 7.73±0.03 g) were fed the diets in quadruplicate aquaria to apparent satiation twice daily for 10 weeks. No differences in mortality, weight gain, or feed efficiency ratio (FER) were observed among the groups. Liver vitamin A levels reflected dietary vitamin A levels. Immune parameters, such as hemoglobin levels, total cell count, red blood cell count, total serum protein, and serum lysozyme activity, did not vary with the dietary vitamin A levels. White blood cell counts of fish in 2000 IU·kg⁻¹ diet groups were significantly higher than that in other diets groups. Serum complement activities of fish in 2000 and 4000 IU·kg⁻¹ vitamin A diet groups were also higher than those in other diet groups. After the 14-d challenge test, the mortality and antibody titer were similar among the treatments. The results indicated that dietary vitamin A inclusions did not affect the immune response of Oreochromis niloticus.     

库布齐沙漠含水率对风沙运动影响的风洞模拟

采用室内分析和风洞模拟试验的方法,研究了不同风速下库布齐沙漠沙丘沙含水率对粗糙度、风速廓线和风沙流结构变化的影响。根据风洞实际动力情况,确定试验进口风速为6,8,10,12,14,16m/s;除干沙外,人工配制了含水率为0.25%,0.5%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%,2.5%6组不同湿度的沙样,分别开展了风洞模拟试验。结果表明,地表粗糙度随着风速的增加而增大,但随湿度的增加整体呈减小趋势;试验所包含的湿度范围内,其风速廓线均随高度呈对数分布,随风速的增大,风速廓线的对数规律越好,风速梯度逐渐减小;湿度越大输沙率随风速增加的绝对量变小,但相对量有所增加;随着湿度的增加输沙率呈整体下降趋势;不同湿度输沙率都出现随高度增加而减少的趋势,当湿度达到2.5%时,不管任何高度风蚀过程几乎停止;干沙输沙量80%集中于近地表5cm内,但随着湿度增加,5cm以上输沙率所占比重呈增加趋势,当湿度介于0.25%~1.5%时,地表5~8cm之间输沙量占总输沙率的30%以上。说明在地表含水率较高的库布齐沙漠,采用格状沙障等增加地表粗糙度的机械防沙措施能收到比西部沙漠和戈壁地区更为理想的效果,而且采用固沙措施的高度也应高于干沙地区。     

蒙古族传统酸马奶中嗜酸乳杆菌发酵特性研究

从蒙古乌兰巴托周边牧民家庭采集的5个酸马奶样品中,分离并鉴定出30株嗜酸乳杆菌,从中筛选出4株具有潜在益生特性的进行发酵特性研究.结果表明：37℃发酵24h,嗜酸乳杆菌发酵乳平均产酸为147.40T,pH值在3.69～3.53之间,粘度在366.3～384.3cP之间,12%TCA可溶性氮为6.262L～9.241mmol/L;4℃冷藏过程中,发酵乳pH降低缓慢,乳糖含量呈降低趋势,且仍有较高活菌数;4℃冷藏4周时,MG1-5、MG2-1、MG4-2和MG1-12的存活率分别为96.86%、90.39%、89.73%和89.39%,乳糖分解率分别为39.52%、58.2%、46.57%和40.22%;4株菌表现出不同的发酵特性,MG2-1有较强产酸能力、蛋白水解能力和乳糖分解能力（P＜0.05）,MG1-5则具有更高存活率,MG1-12表现出更强产粘能力.     

Pond‐raised Hybrid Catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus,Do Not Respond to Microbial Phytase Superdosing

Two experiments were conducted in consecutive years to evaluate the responses of hybrid catfish, ♀ Ictalurus punctatus × ♂ Ictalurus furcatus, to “superdosing” of 6‐phytase added to existing commercial catfish feeds. In each experiment, two diets with or without a phytase superdose (2500 and 5000 phytase units/kg, respectively) were compared. In Experiment 1, fingerlings (mean weight: 59 g/fish) were stocked in 17 0.4‐ha earthen ponds at 17,290 fish/ha and were fed once daily to apparent satiation for 198 d. In Experiment 2, fingerlings (mean weight: 47 g/fish) were stocked in 10 0.4‐ha ponds at 24,710 fish/ha and were fed for 128 d. In both experiments, there were no significant differences in total feed fed, gross yield, final fish weight, survival, or Blood packed cell volume between fish fed diets with or without phytase. The diets also had no significant effects on pond water column total phosphorus or chlorophyll a concentrations, but soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations were significantly higher in ponds receiving the phytase diet in Experiment 2. Phytase superdosing of nutritionally complete feeds does not appear to have additional benefits beyond the standard phytase dose on production characteristics or packed cell volume of pond‐raised hybrid catfish and had no beneficial effects on water quality.     

Effect of understocking density of channel catfish fingerlings in intensively aerated multiple‐batch production

Multiple‐batch production is the most widely practiced method of raising channel catfish. Producers are increasingly adopting intensified production practices in multiple‐batch systems by increasing stocking density and aeration rates as a means to improve cost efficiencies. Proven stocking recommendations are required for the efficient implementation of recent developments in multiple‐batch production. Twelve 0.4‐ha ponds were understocked with 17,484, 20,612, and 26,124 fingerlings/ha (mean weight = 40 g/fish) over equal weights of carryover fish (0.46 kg/fish @ 4,589 kg/ha). Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation with a 28% protein floating feed and aerated with a single 7.4‐kW electric paddlewheel aerator. Density‐dependent significant differences were absent for gross, net, daily net yields, marketable yields (≥0.54 kg), growth (g/day), and survival. Sub‐marketable yield (<0.54 kg) and feeding rate increased significantly with increased understocking density. Economic analysis revealed increased breakeven prices and diminished net returns with increased stocking density when sub‐marketable fish were not considered as revenue. These differences in production costs and profits among the three treatments became minimal when sub‐marketable fish were included as revenue. All three density treatments attained positive annual net cash flows. This study validates channel catfish understocking densities of 17,000–26,000 fish/ha to improve cost efficiency in intensively aerated, multiple‐batch production systems.     

γ-氨基丁酸的生理功能和研究进展

综述γ-氨基丁酸的生理功能及其研究开发进展,并对其研究前景进行了展望。