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81.
82.
A juvenile cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) died with rapidly progressive pyrexia, tachypnea, abdominal effusion, and hepatomegaly. Postmortem examination revealed lesions consistent with acute disseminated infection with Toxoplasma gondii. The presence of this organism was confirmed in multiple organs by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction. To the best of our knowledge, we propose this to be the first reported case of primary acute disseminated toxoplasmosis in a cheetah. 相似文献
83.
Otmar Spring Mark Bachofer Marco Thines Alexandra Riethmüller Markus Göker Franz Oberwinkler 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2006,114(3):309-315
Sequence parts of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA were analysed to screen for the intraspecific
variability of a non-coding genomic region in 15 Plasmopara halstedii populations of different pathotype and geographic origin. Samples revealed uniformity in a ca. 790 Bp fragment comprising
of the ITS-1, 5.8S and front parts of the ITS-2. In contrast, clear differences were found in a ca. 810 Bp fragment of the
ITS-2 thus allowing differentiation between populations of pathotype 100, 310 and 330 and a group of populations representing
pathotypes 700, 701, 703, 710 and 730. Samples of pathotypes 700 to730 originated from Slovakia, France, and Germany, but
were uniform in both ITS sequence parts, thus indicating very recent origin of these highly aggressive physiological races.
The potential use of ITS sequences for pathotype differentiation and phylogenetic studies in P. halstedii is discussed. 相似文献
84.
Anne E. Desjardins Mark Busman Michael Muhitch Robert H. Proctor 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2007,70(4-6):149-160
Zea mays often is colonized with the fungus Gibberella moniliformis, which produces fumonisin toxins. The role of fumonisins in seedling colonization and blight was studied using complementary genetic analyses of host and pathogen. Only one of two fumonisin B1 (FB1)-insensitive maize backcross lines was more resistant than the FB1-sensitive parent to seedling blight, indicating that the increase in FB1-insensitivity was not associated with an increase in resistance. FB1-producing and nonproducing isogenic fungal strains did not differ in ability to cause seedling blight, but the FB1-producing strain was more effective in systemic colonization of seedlings in reciprocal strain challenge tests. Together, these and previous results indicate that the role of fumonisins depends on complex environmental and genetic contexts in this host–pathogen interaction. 相似文献
85.
Philipp B. Gannibal Sonja S. Klemsdal Mark M. Levitin 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(2):175-182
Alternaria tenuissima is a common pathogen on a number of plants described in several geographic regions of the world. Genetic variation within
and between Russian Far East, North West and Caucasus populations of A. tenuissima from wheat was examined. In addition, genetic differences between isolates from various hosts were estimated. In total, 101
isolates of A. tenuissima were studied using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) with four primer combinations. Wright’s fixation index (F
st), gene flow (N
m) and gene diversity (H
s) were calculated. AFLP banding patterns indicated significant genetic distance and at the same time a low level of gene flow
between the Far East and the two other groups of isolates originating from the European part of country. The degree of similarity
between the North West and Caucasus populations was very high, as was the migration rate. Isolates analysed by UPGMA-based
cluster analysis were grouped according to location of origin but irrespective of plant host. Based on the F
st value, the group of isolates originating from wheat and barley were not found to differ significantly from each other. 相似文献
86.
Lia W. Liefting Anna C. Padovan Karen S. Gibb Ross E. Beever Mark T. Andersen Richard D. Newcomb David L. Beck Richard L.S. Forster 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(6):619-623
Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA genes and the 16S/23S spacer regions of the phytoplasmas associated with Australian grapevine yellows, papaya dieback and Phormium yellow leaf diseases revealed minimal nucleotide differences between them resulting in the formation of a monophyletic group. Therefore, along with Australian grapevine yellows, the phytoplasmas associated with Phormium yellow leaf and papaya dieback should also be considered as Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense. 相似文献
87.
- 1. Three classes of habitat used by groups of fish species classified as conservation and management priorities were developed for the Gerua River (also known as the Girwa River, Karnali River) in the Ganges river basin. This river is large (mean annual discharge ca 1500 m3 s?1, up to 900 m wide), surrounded by protected lands of India and Nepal, and upstream of major diversions and river alterations.
- 2. Fish and habitat sampling was conducted at 45 sites from 2000 to 2003. Data were analysed for 2172 fish of 14 species. Species and life stages found occupying a statistically distinct subset of the river habitats were grouped to identify classes of river habitat for conservation.
- 3. Most species and life‐stage groups specialized on specific habitat conditions revealed by multivariate analyses of variance and a principal component analysis. The most numerous and diverse group (six species, 15 life stages) was associated with deep depositional habitats with sandy substrate. Two species covering three life stages were primarily oriented to erosional habitat marked by fast current velocity with pebble and cobble substrate. A third group of three species of adults and juveniles were intermediate in habitat use.
- 4. River conservation for fish faunas should maintain both erosional and depositional channel habitats with depths, substrates, and current velocity inclusive of the ranges reported. The erosional and depositional nature of the key habitats requires that rivers be maintained with flows capable of channel‐forming functions.
88.
Mark Everard 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2008,18(6):1052-1061
- 1. To assess the efficacy of environmental management policies and practices, there is a progressive transition from monitoring of activities towards assessment of their outcomes for the environment.
- 2. Population trends of key taxonomic groups can serve as useful indicators of broader environmental integrity and health. Several necessary and desirable criteria for selecting meaningful and suitable indicators are discussed. The attributes of a range of taxa and survey methods used for their assessment are discussed with reference to these criteria.
- 3. Survey methods, data holdings and analytical methods for populations of wild birds at present provide a good basis for developing indicators of the quality of fresh waters at a landscape scale. Other taxa are not necessarily any less appropriate; however, survey design and data representativeness are often limiting factors to the use of other taxa for assessing geographic and temporal trends.
- 4. Taxonomic science and ecological monitoring are necessary for determining society' progress with sustainable development and for informing appropriate enhancements to policy and management practice, particularly so for fresh waters.
89.
In Hong Kong, chironomid larvae are grown on chicken manure. The larvae are used in large quantities as live food for aquarium fish and carnivorous fish fry in fish culture. In this survey, the culture technique and yield of chironomid farming were studied. The technique is simple: at temperatures of 15–30°C the yield is about 140 kg in a 675 m2 field per cycle of 50 days. Since a large quantity of chicken manure, about 1440 kg, is consumed in each cycle, and there is also the possibility of using other farm wastes to grow chironomid larvae, this highly profitable chironomid farming may be developed to reduce the problem of stream pollution due to the farm wastes. 相似文献
90.
A single‐factor experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary astaxanthin concentration on the skin colour of snapper. Snapper (mean weight=129 g) were held in white cages and fed one of seven dietary levels of unesterified astaxanthin (0, 13, 26, 39, 52, 65 or 78 mg astaxanthin kg?1) for 63 days. Treatments comprised four replicate cages, each containing five fish. The skin colour of all fish was quantified using the CIE L*, a*, b* colour scale after 21, 42 and 63 days. In addition, total carotenoid concentrations of the skin of two fish cage?1 were determined after 63 days. Supplementing diets with astaxanthin strongly affected redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values of the skin at all sampling times. After 21 days, the a* values increased linearly as the dietary astaxanthin concentration was increased before a plateau was attained between 39 and 78 mg kg?1. The b* values similarly increased above basal levels in all astaxanthin diets. By 42 days, a* and b* values increased in magnitude while a plateau remained between 39 and 78 mg kg?1. After 63 days, there were no further increases in measured colour values, suggesting that maximum pigmentation was imparted in the skin of snapper fed diets >39 mg kg?1 after 42 days. Similarly, there were no differences in total carotenoid concentrations of the skin of snapper fed diets >39 mg kg?1 after 63 days. The plateaus that occurred in a* and b* values, while still increasing in magnitude between 21 and 42 days, indicate that the rate of astaxanthin deposition in snapper is limited and astaxanthin in diets containing >39 mg astaxanthin kg?1 is not efficiently utilized. Astaxanthin retention after 63 days was greatest from the 13 mg kg?1 diet; however, skin pigmentation was not adequate. An astaxanthin concentration of 39 mg kg?1 provided the second greatest retention in the skin while obtaining maximum pigmentation. To efficiently maximize skin pigmentation, snapper growers should commence feeding diets containing a minimum of 39 mg unesterified astaxanthin kg?1 at least 42 days before sale. 相似文献