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71.
72.
Leigh Watterworth Bruce Rosa Heidi Schraft Edward Topp Kam Tin Leung 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2006,177(1-4):367-382
Recently, there has been a surge of interest in understanding the survival of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in aquatic environments. Fifteen strains of STEC were monitored, individually, in untreated well water samples incubated at 10 and 22^C for 56 days. The strains were selected from three serogroups (O26, Ol11 and O157) and represented five distinct ERIC (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic concensus)-genotypes. The microcosms were prepared in triplicate and inoculated at an initial cell density of about 7.0 log CFU/ml well water. At 10^C, the cell density of five STEC strains fell below the detection limit of 0.8 log CFU/ml by day 56. Of the ten persisting strains, four showed superior survival with cell densities decreasing to an average of about 5 log CFU/ml while the remaining six strains showed moderate levels of survival, decreasing to an average cell density of about 3 log CFU/ml. At 22^C, strain H32 (genotype I) and H15 (genotype B) persisted at 1.1 log CFU/ml and 2.2 log CFU/ml in 56 days, respectively. The other 13 STEC strains dropped below the detection limit between weeks 3 to 8. The 15 strains demonstrated highly variable levels of survival with no correlation between ERIC-genotypes or serogroups and the strains' ability to persist in the well water samples. Although strain H32 (O157:H7) persisted significantly longer than strain H22 (O157:H7) in natural well water at both 10 and 22^C, both strains survived equally well in sterile well water, indicating that individual STEC strains vary in their ability to compete with background microbial populations. 相似文献
73.
Akua Amoah Shawn D. Coyle Carl D. Webster Robert M. Durborow Leigh Anne Bright James H. Tidwell 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2008,39(3):397-405
Excessive carbohydrates (CHO) in diets for largemouth bass (LMB), Micropterus salmoides, are suspected of accumulating glycogen in hepatocytes, which may result in liver dysfunction. This study evaluated the effect of graded levels of dietary CHO on growth, survival, and liver histology of LMB. One hundred feed‐trained advanced fingerling LMB (128.5 ± 21.5 g) were stocked into each of nine 3400 ‐ L polyethylene tanks. Tanks were randomly assigned one of three experimental diets containing different CHO levels (13, 19, or 25% of diet). The extruded diets were approximately isonitrogenous (42% crude protein) and isocaloric (3 kcal/g energy). There were three replicate tanks per dietary treatment. Bass were fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 148 d. Survival was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) for fish fed the 13 and 19% CHO diets (89 and 90%, respectively) compared to those fed the 25% CHO diets (82%). Average harvest weight of fish fed the 13% CHO diet (380 g) was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) than for fish fed other diets. Average harvest weight of fish fed the 19% CHO diet (347 g) was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) than for fish fed the 25% CHO diet (310 g). Specific growth rates (%/d) were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in fish fed the 13 and 19% CHO diets than in fish fed 25% CHO diet. Feed conversion ratios for fish fed the 13 and 19% CHO diets (2.3 and 2.4, respectively) were both significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) than in fish fed the 25% CHO diet (3.6). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in condition factor, protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index, or liver glycogen concentration among fish fed the different experimental diets. Overall, mean blood glucose levels in fish fed the 13 and 19% CHO diets (61.0 and 71.2 mg/dL, respectively) were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) than in fish fed the 25% CHO diet (87 mg/dL). Histopathological examination of livers from fish fed the three diets was used to score the degree of vacuolization of hepatic tissues (0 = normal, 1 = slight, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, and 4 = severe). Regression of vacuolization scores on dietary CHO levels was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) and indicated a direct positive relationship between liver vacuolization and dietary CHO level (R2 = 0.57). These data indicate that LMB grow faster and use feeds more efficiently when CHO are maintained at <20% of diet. CHO levels >20% negatively impacted liver histology, but a liver tissue analyses did not document glycogen accumulation. 相似文献
74.
Stiffler KS McCrackin Stevenson MA Cornell KK Glerum LE Smith JD Miller NA Rawlings CA 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2003,223(3):325-9, 309-10
Traditional cystostomy tubes (used for temporary or permanent diversion of urine in dogs and cats) are long (> or = 22 cm) and cumbersome to stabilize, requiring sutures or bandages to hold the tube against the body. Use of a low-profile gastrostomy port system as a low-profile cystostomy tube (LPCT) in 4 dogs and a cat was investigated; owner satisfaction with the device was assessed. Technical difficulty associated with placement and management of LPCTs was similar to that for traditional cystostomy tubes; with LPCTs, activity and mobility of pets was not compromised, and bandaging was not required. Complications included lower urinary tract infection, mild peristomal leakage of urine and leakage from components of the system, and subcutaneous peristomal infection. Four of 5 owners considered the tube to be easy to use; all owners said they would be comfortable repeating their decision to use the LPCT in their pet. 相似文献
75.
Leigh Cuttell Maria Angeles Gómez-Morales Beth Cookson Peter J. Adams Simon A. Reid Paul B. Vanderlinde Louise A. Jackson C. Gray Rebecca J. Traub 《Veterinary parasitology》2014,199(3-4):179-190
Trichinella surveillance in wildlife relies on muscle digestion of large samples which are logistically difficult to store and transport in remote and tropical regions as well as labour-intensive to process. Serological methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) offer rapid, cost-effective alternatives for surveillance but should be paired with additional tests because of the high false-positive rates encountered in wildlife. We investigated the utility of ELISAs coupled with Western blot (WB) in providing evidence of Trichinella exposure or infection in wild boar. Serum samples were collected from 673 wild boar from a high- and low-risk region for Trichinella introduction within mainland Australia, which is considered Trichinella-free. Sera were examined using both an ‘in-house’ and a commercially available indirect-ELISA that used excretory–secretory (E/S) antigens. Cut-off values for positive results were determined using sera from the low-risk population. All wild boar from the high-risk region (352) and 139/321 (43.3%) of the wild boar from the low-risk region were tested by artificial digestion. Testing by Western blot using E/S antigens, and a Trichinella-specific real-time PCR was also carried out on all ELISA-positive samples. The two ELISAs correctly classified all positive controls as well as one naturally infected wild boar from Gabba Island in the Torres Strait. In both the high- and low-risk populations, the ELISA results showed substantial agreement (k-value = 0.66) that increased to very good (k-value = 0.82) when WB-positive only samples were compared. The results of testing sera collected from the Australian mainland showed the Trichinella seroprevalence was 3.5% (95% C.I. 0.0–8.0) and 2.3% (95% C.I. 0.0–5.6) using the in-house and commercial ELISA coupled with WB respectively. These estimates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the artificial digestion estimate of 0.0% (95% C.I. 0.0–1.1). Real-time PCR testing of muscle from seropositive animals did not detect Trichinella DNA in any mainland animals, but did reveal the presence of a second larvae-positive wild boar on Gabba Island, supporting its utility as an alternative, highly sensitive method in muscle examination. The serology results suggest Australian wildlife may have been exposed to Trichinella parasites. However, because of the possibility of non-specific reactions with other parasitic infections, more work using well-defined cohorts of positive and negative samples is required. Even if the specificity of the ELISAs is proven to be low, their ability to correctly classify the small number of true positive sera in this study indicates utility in screening wild boar populations for reactive sera which can be followed up with additional testing. 相似文献
76.
Brainstem auditory evoked responses and ophthalmic findings in llamas and alpacas in Eastern Canada 下载免费PDF全文
Webb AA Cullen CL Lamont LA 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2006,47(1):74-77
Seventeen llamas and 23 alpacas of various coat and iris colors were evaluated for: (1) deafness by using brainstem auditory evoked response testing; and (2) for ocular abnormalities via complete ophthalmic examination. No animals were deaf. The most common ocular abnormalities noted were iris-to-iris persistent pupillary membranes and incipient cataracts. 相似文献
77.
Leigh G. Griffiths MA VETMB DSAS MRCVS Martin Sullivan BVMS PHD DVR MRCVS Turlough O''Neill MVB MACVSC MRCVS Stewart W. J. Reid BVMS PHD. MRCVS 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2003,44(2):210-213
The tympanic bullae of 20 previously healthy cadaver animals were randomly filled with sterile saline or air. The heads were positioned using tape ties and a rostrocaudal open mouth radiograph taken. The resulting radiographs were assessed by a blinded ECVDI diplomate, with each tympanic bulla being recorded as being either air or fluid filled. Ultrasound examination of the bullae was performed, by a blinded assessor, using a B-mode 5 mHz sector probe (Sonotron-VingMed Sound A/S, PO Box 141, N3191, Horten, Norway) operating at 3 mHz. Each bulla was recorded as being either air or fluid filled. Results of radiography and ultrasonography were each compared to the actual status of the bulla in a chi square analysis. Sensitivity of radiography was 80%, with specificity of 65%. Ultrasonographic sensitivity was 100% and specificity 100%. Ultrasonography may in future provide a cheap, noninvasive, rapid and widely available method for diagnosing otitis media in clinical cases. 相似文献
78.
Lamont LA Greene SA Grimm KA Tranquilli WJ 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(1):93-98
OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between bispectral index (BIS) and minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples of sevoflurane in cats. ANIMALS: 8 domestic cats. PROCEDURE: Each cat was anesthetized twice with sevoflurane. First, the MAC of sevoflurane for each cat was determined by use of the tail clamp method. Second, cats were anesthetized with sevoflurane at each of 5 MAC multiples administered in random order. Ventilation was controlled, and after a 15-minute equilibration period at each MAC multiple of sevoflurane, BIS data were collected for 5 minutes and the median value of BIS calculated. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SD) MAC of sevoflurane was 3.3 +/- 0.2%. The BIS values at 0.5 MAC could not be recorded as a result of spontaneous movement in all 8 cats. The BIS values at 2.0 MAC were confounded by burst suppression in all 8 cats. Over the range of 0.8 to 1.5 MAC, BIS values decreased significantly with increasing end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations. Mean (+/- SD) BIS measurements were 30 +/- 3, 21 +/- 3, and 5 +/- 2 at 0.8, 1.0, and 1.5 MAC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Values of BIS are inversely and linearly related to end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations in anesthetized cats, and BIS may be a useful predictor of CNS depression in this species. The consistently low BIS values recorded in this study suggest that clinical BIS end points used to titrate anesthetic agents in humans may not be applicable to cats. 相似文献
79.
Ten-week-old Hy-Line Commercial W-36 pullets were spray-vaccinated with MYCOVAC-L at the manufacturer's recommended dosage (1x) or at 15 times that rate (15x). At 22 or 45 wk of age, subsets of 1x- and 15x-vaccinated pullets were challenged with the virulent Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) strain Rlow. Percent hen-day egg production was determined through week 55. Analyses for treatment effects on overall (22-56 wk) percent hen-day egg production revealed no significant differences between nonchallenged 1x and nonchallenged 15x MYCOVAC-L treatments. Among 1x MYCOVAC-L-vaccinated groups, Rlow challenge at 45 wk corresponded to significantly (P < or = 0.01) lower overall egg production compared with the unchallenged 1x-vaccinated control (70.88% vs. 79.15%, respectively). Conversely, at the 15x MYCOVAC-L dosage level, overall egg production was not significantly affected by virulent MG challenge at 45 wk compared with its unchallenged counterpart (84.09% vs. 81.03%, respectively) and could indicate increased protection from virulent MG challenge. Serologic monitoring indicated the virulent MG challenge was consistently (100%) associated with seroconversion. Comparisons among the nonchallenged experimental treatments indicated that vaccinations at the 15x MYCOVAC-L dosage rate were associated with a greater seroconversion rate at weeks 21, 27, and 44, but not at week 50. 相似文献
80.
Selective microbial colonisation of germ-free piglets is reported to result in expansion of immunoglobulin V(H)- and D(H)-segment usage from an initially limited repertoire. Here, the response of the palatine tonsil to microbial colonisation was compared in age-matched conventionally reared and germ-free piglets. At 3 and 5 days after birth an expansion in the B-cell follicle area was observed in the conventional, microbially colonised animals, which was not seen in the germ-free piglets. Consistent with this observation, sequencing of re-arranged heavy chain V-D-J units demonstrated accumulation of point mutations indicating somatic hypermutation in the conventional, microbially colonised piglets but not in the germ-free animals. However, V(H)- and D(H)-segment usage and CDR3 length did not differ between the groups. The results suggest that the follicle reaction observed occurs in response to microbial challenge, involves proliferation and somatic hypermutation of B-cells but does not expand repertoire or generate classical, isotype-switched memory B-cells. We suggest that microbial colonisation of neonatal piglets drives immunological competence in two stages: first, an antigen non-specific, follicular reaction which expands immunological compartments; and second, microbe driven changes in V-segment usage which expand immunological repertoire. 相似文献