Modeling soil water dynamics in a drip-irrigated intercropping field under plastic mulch

Intercropping, drip irrigation, and the use of plastic mulch are important management practices, which can, when utilized simultaneously, increase crop production and save irrigation water. Investigating soil water dynamics in the root zone of the intercropping field under such conditions is essential in order to understand the combined effects of these practices and to promote their wider use. However, not much work has been done to investigate soil water dynamics in the root zone of drip-irrigated, strip intercropping fields under plastic mulch. Three field experiments with different irrigation treatments (high T1, moderate T2, and low T3) were conducted to evaluate soil water contents (SWC) at different locations, for different irrigation treatments, and with respect to dripper lines and plants (corn and tomatoes). Experimental data were then used to calibrate the HYDRUS (2D/3D) model. Comparison between experimental data and model simulations showed that HYDRUS (2D/3D) described different irrigation events and SWC in the root zone well, with average relative errors of 10.8, 9.5, and 11.6 % for irrigation treatments T1, T2, and T3, respectively, and with corresponding root mean square errors of 0.043, 0.035, and 0.040 cm³ cm^?3, respectively. The results showed that the SWC in the shallow root zone (0–40 cm) was lower under non-mulched locations than under mulched locations, irrespective of the irrigation treatment, while no significant differences in the SWC were observed in the deeper root zone (40–100 cm). The SWC in the shallow root zone was significantly higher for the high irrigation treatment (T1) than for the low irrigation treatment, while, again, no differences were observed in the deeper root zone. Simulations of two-dimensional SWC distributions revealed that the low irrigation treatment (T3) produced serious severe water stress (with SWCs near the wilting point) in the 30–40 cm part of the root zone, and that using separate drip emitter lines for each crop is well suited for producing the optimal soil water distribution pattern in the root zone of the intercropping field. The results of this study can be very useful in designing an optimal irrigation plan for intercropped fields.     

低压管道输水小畦灌的优势与发展前景

论述了优化地面灌溉在我国农业节水中的重要性 ,结合在禹城地区进行的小畦灌研究工作 ,浅析了小畦灌的优势与应用前景 ,提出了小畦灌发展的思路、存在问题与解决途径。小畦灌的应用历史已久 ,也有较好的群众基础 ,但理论研究、产品研发、技术推广工作方兴未艾。农业节水主要靠优化地面灌溉 ;小畦灌应该是由低压管道输水管网、移动快捷控制简单的地面分水系统、机械化平地技术组成的精细地面灌溉技术。     

中水微灌系统生物堵塞特性探讨

使用中水微灌作为缓解农业水资源危机的一种灌溉方式，可以将污水灌溉对环境和农作物造成的污染减轻到最小，但中水微灌溉将会加大灌溉系统堵塞的可能性。通过对造成中水微灌系统生物堵塞的水质、堵塞原因及堵塞的严重程度的分析认为，中水中的有机污染物和微生物会造成微灌系统的堵塞，但中水中的无机颗粒是造成灌水器堵塞的首要原因。微灌系统的堵塞取决于污水的处理工艺及中水水质标准，其中主要与灌溉水的pH值，TSS和BOD5等参数有关，这3个水质参数可以用来对微灌系统的堵塞的危险性进行评估。对于微灌系统堵塞问题，可以通过改善水质，合理配置过滤设备及使用大流量灌水器和具有自冲洗功能的灌水器等方法来解决。     

滑动轴承在农业机械中的使用与维护

轴承主要用来支承轴及轴上零件,并保持轴的旋转精度和减少转轴与支承之间的摩擦和磨损.为此,探讨了滑动轴承的工作原理、常见故障类型及采取的防范措施,针对故障原因对滑动轴承进行日常维护,为推动轴承在农业机械中的合理使用和维护提供参考依据.     

铰接式车辆静态转向阻力矩分析

从运动学观点建立铰接式车辆在静态转向情况下的力学模型，从动力学观点分析计算双桥驱动与单桥驱动的铰接车辆静态转向阻力矩及其特点，并用实验验证了理论分析的正确性。     

基于模糊分析的农用运输车双万向传动轴可靠性优化设计

将模糊可靠性设计应用于农用运输车传动轴的优化设计,提出了农用车双万向传动轴的模糊可靠性优化设计方法,建立了在满足给定模糊可靠性要求设计条件下优化设计数学模型,并进行了实例计算。     

2JT-M-2014型茄果类蔬菜嫁接切削器的研制

针对茄果类蔬菜气动嫁接切削器价格较高、作业不方便等问题,研制出2JT-M-2014型手动切削器,有效解决了以上问题。为检测其性能,设计了以切削苗切削作业质量为目标函数,以刀片磨损度、切削苗茎径和切削速度为影响因素的三因素三水平试验。试验表明:刀片磨损度是主要的影响因素,植物茎秆直径和切削速度对切削效果影响不大;刀片磨损微小时,切削表面拉丝少而短,更有利于后期嫁接作业。另外,通过对切削器顶丝伸出高度和植物切削角度关系的测试,得出该切削器的切削角度可在35°~51°内调节。     

Sensitivity analysis of optimal operation of irrigation supply systems with water quality considerations

A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l^–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%.     

“WaterMan”: an on-farm water management game with heuristic capabilities

A modern computer-based simulation tool (WaterMan) in the form of a game for on-farm water management was developed for application in training events for farmers, students, and irrigators. The WaterMan game utilizes an interactive framework, thereby allowing the user to develop scenarios and test alternatives in a convenient, risk-free environment. It includes a comprehensive soil water and salt balance calculation algorithm. It also employs heuristic capabilities for modeling all of the important aspects of on-farm water management, and to provide quantitative performance evaluations and practical water management advice to the trainees. Random events (both favorable and unfavorable) and different strategic decisions are included in the game for more realism and to provide an appropriate level of challenge according to player performance. Thus, the ability to anticipate the player skill level, and to reply with random events appropriate to the anticipated level, is provided by the heuristic capabilities used in the software. These heuristic features were developed based on a combination of two artificial intelligence approaches: (1) a pattern recognition approach and (2) reinforcement learning based on a Markov decision processes approach, specifically the Q-learning method. These two approaches were combined in a new way to account for the difference in the effect of actions taken by the player and action taken by the system in the game world. The reward function for the Q-learning method was modified to reflect the suggested classification of the WaterMan game as what is referred to as a partially competitive and partially cooperative game.     

基于最优轨迹跟踪的地下铲运机无人驾驶技术

结合地下巷道的特殊应用环境,提出了一种基于最优轨迹跟踪的铲运机无人驾驶技术。铲运机在无人驾驶时,通过车载传感器实时获取其实际的行驶轨迹相对于最优路径轨迹的偏差信息,包括横向位置偏差和航向角偏差,将偏差信息进行充分融合后,通过实时控制并调整铲运机前后铰接角的大小实现位置和航向角偏差不断趋向于零,以达到较好的跟踪最优路径轨迹目的。结合实际应用对算法进行了仿真测试,在模拟巷道环境下,利用2 m3铲运机验证了该无人驾驶技术,模拟实际环境下的实验结果证明,基于最优轨迹跟踪的方法可实现铲运机的无人驾驶。