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71.
Gaffen DJ Santer BD Boyle JS Christy JR Graham NE Ross RJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,287(5456):1242-1245
Trends in global lower tropospheric temperature derived from satellite observations since 1979 show less warming than trends based on surface meteorological observations. Independent radiosonde observations of surface and tropospheric temperatures confirm that, since 1979, there has been greater warming at the surface than aloft in the tropics. Associated lapse-rate changes show a decrease in the static stability of the atmosphere, which exceeds unforced static stability variations in climate simulations with state-of-the-art coupled ocean-atmosphere models. The differential temperature trends and lapse-rate changes seen during the satellite era are not sustained back to 1960. 相似文献
72.
Guam amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism-dementia linked to a plant excitant neurotoxin 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
P S Spencer P B Nunn J Hugon A C Ludolph S M Ross D N Roy R C Robertson 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,237(4814):517-522
The decline in the high incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism, and Alzheimer-type dementia among the Chamorro population of the western Pacific islands of Guam and Rota, coupled with the absence of demonstrable viral and hereditable factors in this disease, suggests the gradual disappearance of an environmental factor selectively associated with this culture. One candidate is seed of the neurotoxic plant Cycas circinalis L., a traditional source of food and medicine which has been used less with the Americanization of the Chamorro people after World War II. Macaques were fed the Cycas amino acid beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine, a low-potency convulsant that has excitotoxic activity in mouse brain, which is attenuated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. These animals developed corticomoto-neuronal dysfunction, parkinsonian features, and behavioral anomalies, with chromatolytic and degenerative changes of motor neurons in cerebral cortex and spinal cord. In concert with existing epidemiological and animal data, these findings support the hypothesis that cycad exposure plays an important role in the etiology of the Guam disease. 相似文献
73.
RP Andres T Bein M Dorogi S Feng JI Henderson CP Kubiak W Mahoney RG Osifchin R Reifenberger 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1996,272(5266):1323-1325
Double-ended aryl dithiols [alpha,alpha'-xylyldithiol (XYL) and 4,4'-biphenyldithiol] formed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold(111) substrates and were used to tether nanometer-sized gold clusters deposited from a cluster beam. An ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscope was used to image these nanostructures and to measure their current-voltage characteristics as a function of the separation between the probe tip and the metal cluster. At room temperature, when the tip was positioned over a cluster bonded to the XYL SAM, the current-voltage data showed "Coulomb staircase" behavior. These data are in good agreement with semiclassical predictions for correlated single-electron tunneling and permit estimation of the electrical resistance of a single XYL molecule (approximately18 ± 12 megohms). 相似文献
74.
Three distinct sedimentary units, which can be correlated throughout the basin, occur in cores collected from the Black Sea. Carbon-14 ages help to define the recent sedimentary history of the Black Sea. 相似文献
75.
The metabolism of phosphoinositide-derived messenger molecules 总被引:64,自引:0,他引:64
P W Majerus T M Connolly H Deckmyn T S Ross T E Bross H Ishii V S Bansal D B Wilson 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,234(4783):1519-1526
The phosphoinositides are minor phospholipids present in all eukaryotic cells. They are storage forms for messenger molecules that transmit signals across the cell membrane and evoke responses to extracellular agonists. The phosphoinositides break down to liberate messenger molecules or precursors of messenger molecules. Many different compounds are formed, although the functions of only a few are understood. Recent studies elaborating the pathways for formation of products from phosphoinositides and the factors controlling their metabolism are summarized here. 相似文献
76.
Internal heat flow from radioactive decay in Triton's interior along with absorbed thermal energy from Neptune total 5 to 20 percent of the insolation absorbed by Triton, thus comprising a significant fraction of Triton's surface energy balance. These additional energy inputs can raise Triton's surface temperature between approximately 0.5 and 1.5 K above that possible with absorbed sunlight alone, resulting in an increase of about a factor of approximately 1.5 to 2.5 in Triton's basal atmospheric pressure. If Triton's internal heat flow is concentrated in some areas, as is likely, local effects such as enhanced sublimation with subsequent modification of albedo could be quite large. Furthermore, indications of recent global albedo change on Triton suggest that Triton's surface temperature and pressure may not now be in steady state, further suggesting that atmospheric pressure on Triton was as much as ten times higher in the recent past. 相似文献
77.
Concentration oscillations and efficiency: glycolysis 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The oscillations observed in glycolysis are analyzed from the point of view of efficiency of free energy conversion. It is suggested that the mechanisms generating these oscillations may have evolved in order to reduce the dissipation of free energy. 相似文献
78.
Ten amphibole specimens from a variety of metamorphic rocks such as talc schists, eclogites, and metamorphosed iron formations contain lamellae of a second amphibole oriented parallel to ([unknown]101) or (100), or both, of the host. Tremolites, actinolites, and hornblendes commonly have lamellae of a calcium-poor clinoamphibole with P2(1)/m space-group symmetry, or lamellae of cummingtonite with C2/m space-group symmetry. Likewise cummingtonites and P2(1)/m clinoamphiboles commonly contain lamellae of calcium-rich C2/m amphiboles such as tremolite. Results of x-ray diffraction, electron-probe, and microscope studies indicate that most lamellae result from unmixing of a homogeneous amphibole. The P2(1)/m clinoamphibole is analogous to the clinopyroxene pigeonite in agreement with the results of M. G. Bown. 相似文献
79.
Neodymium-142 data for rocks from the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt in northern Quebec, Canada, show that some rock types have lower 142Nd/144Nd ratios than the terrestrial standard (epsilon142Nd = -0.07 to -0.15). Within a mafic amphibolite unit, 142Nd/144Nd ratios correlate positively with Sm/Nd ratios and produce a 146Sm-142Nd isochron with an age of 4280(-81)(+53) million years. These rocks thus sample incompatible-element-enriched material formed shortly after Earth formation and may represent the oldest preserved crustal section on Earth. 相似文献
80.