河北省种植业水污染足迹初报

为进一步评估种植业化肥投入引发水污染对应的环境影响,本文利用水足迹理论结合统计数据,采用Recipe生命周期影响评价法对河北省1995—2014年11个地级市的种植业水污染足迹进行研究。结果表明,2014年河北省农作物单位面积施N量和施P量分别比1995年提高了36.3%、52.5%,1995—2014年间秦皇岛的农作物单位面积年均施N量最高(335.4 kg·hm-2),邯郸的农作物单位面积年均施P量最高(119.1 kg·hm-2);比较1995、2004、2014三年各地市的施肥总量,石家庄农作物N肥施用总量三年均列首位,沧州N肥施用总量增幅最大;邯郸农作物P肥施用总量三年均列首位,承德P肥施用总量增幅最大;近20年石家庄的农作物单位面积水污染足迹(wdf)均值最高(2.350 Ml·H2Oe·hm-2),其次是秦皇岛和邯郸,张家口最低,但秦皇岛的wdf年际增长最显著;比较各地市在1995、2004和2014年种植业区域水污染足迹(WDF),各地市的WDF在三年里均呈增加趋势,其中石家庄的WDF三年均值最高,在1995、2004、2014年均处Ⅰ级区,邯郸的WDF均值位于其次,并在2004、2014年升入Ⅰ级区,且2014年邯郸的WDF超过石家庄居全省首位,秦皇岛的WDF增长比例最大,2014年的WDF比1995年增长了77.4%,而石家庄2014年WDF比1995年增长26.7%,在所有地市中其增长比例最小。本研究为河北省分类指导各地市的农业水资源优化及可持续利用提供依据。     

Study on the relationship between genetic variation of DNA methylation and heterosis in soybean leaves

In order to well understand the molecular basis of heterosis in soybean, the methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) method based on capillary electrophoresis was used to estimate levels and patterns of cytosine methylation in 15-day post-emergence leaves of four parental lines [Jilin 47 (no. 19), EXP (no. 12), Jilin 38 (no. 3) and Yi 3 (no. 6)] and 12 hybrids [Jilin 38 × Yi 3(3 × ?6), Jilin 38 × ?EXP(3 × ?12), Jilin 38 × ?Jilin 47(3 × ?19), Yi 3 × ?Jilin 38(6 × ?3), Yi 3 × ?EXP(6 × ?12), Yi 3 × ?Jilin 47(6 × ?19), EXP × Jilin 38(12 ×?3), EXP × Yi 3(12 × ?6), EXP × ?Jilin 47(12 × ?19), Jilin 47 × ?Jilin 38(19 × ?3), Jilin 47 × Yi 3(19 × 6), Jilin 47 × EXP(19 × 12)]. In addition, 12 traits of the hybrids and their parents were also analyzed to understand the relationship between DNA methylation variation and heterosis. MSAP results showed that the total relative methylation level of all hybrids was lower than the corresponding middle parent value, indicating that the methylation degree was decreasing. And may express a variety of genes related to the phenotypic variation of hybridization. Moreover, the hemi-methylation levels of Jilin 38 × Jilin 47 and Yi 3 × Jilin 47 hybrids and full-methylation levels of EXP × Yi 3 and EXP × Jilin 47 hybrids was significant higher than the corresponding mid-parent values. In addition, the heredity of methylation from parents in hybrids is more than the variations, in which there were four types appeared great higher: A1, B4, B8, and D2. Furthermore, the results of relationship between genetic variation in DNA methylation and heterosis showed that the hypo-methylation had a promoting effect to increase node number, and the hype-methylation of hybrids was helpful to add to stem thick. Our results may provide new insights into well understanding the molecular mechanisms of heterosis at the epigenetic level in soybean.     

基于模糊层次分析法的生态环境脆弱性评价——以三峡水库生态屏障区湖北段为例

三峡水库生态屏障区的生态环境脆弱性评价,对屏障区自身生态系统的构建与维护、发挥屏障区对三峡水库水质和生态环境的安全保障功能,具有重要的意义。利用模糊层次分析法,基于GIS和RS技术,对屏障区湖北段的生态环境脆弱性进行了评价,并分析了主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)生态环境脆弱性以轻度、中度和潜在脆弱性为主,占屏障区总面积的74.9%,主要分布在秭归县中部和巴东县北部,严重脆弱区面积占总面积21.7%,主要分布在秭归县南部、巴东县中南部和夷陵区南部;(2)生态环境脆弱性级别较高的区域主要分布于高程800m以下、坡度25°以下、植被覆盖较低、人口密度较大的位置,人类活动是导致生态环境脆弱的重要原因;(3)在严重脆弱性区域通过构建农林复合系统,结合植树造林、生态恢复等措施,以提高植被覆盖度,是解决该区生态环境脆弱的可行性措施。     

河西绿洲区大棚甘蓝产量、品质和养分吸收对不同水肥组合的响应

为探明河西绿洲区塑料大棚甘蓝适宜的水肥管理模式,通过田间小区试验,设定3个施肥量(F_1:N、P_2O_5、K_2O含量为320,160,210kg/hm~2;F_2:N、P_2O_5、K_2O含量为260,120,157.5kg/hm~2,F_3:N、P_2O_5、K_2O含量为200,80,105kg/hm~2)和2个灌水频率(H_1:6d/次,H_2:9d/次),共6个处理,分析甘蓝农艺性状、产量、品质和叶球养分吸收及水肥利用效率对不同施肥量和灌水频率的响应规律。结果表明:H_1处理水平下叶球全氮、磷、钾含量随施肥量增加逐渐升高,H_2处理水平下氮、磷含量随施肥量增加先升高后降低,而钾含量却在随施肥量增加逐渐升高,同一灌水条件下肥料偏生产力随施肥量的减少而升高;同一施肥水平下,叶球中的全氮、磷、钾含量及吸收量高灌水频率大于低灌水频率处理,而肥料偏生产力的变化则相反。水肥耦合作用下,甘蓝叶球纵横径、生物产量和干物质量均H_2F_1处理最高,叶球紧实度、干鲜重比、单球重、经济产量和经济系数均H_2F_2最大,而叶球中心柱长和帮叶比H_2F_3处理最小。灌溉频率和施肥量对甘蓝叶球品质影响显著,且两因素的交互作用达到显著水平,其中硝酸盐含量H_1F_1最高、可溶性糖含量H_2F_1最高、Vc含量H_2F_2处理最大。水肥耦合后全氮和全磷含量及两者吸收量均以H_2F_2最大,全钾及吸收量H_2F_1最高。随着施肥量的增加,水分利用效率也逐渐升高,H_2F_1水分利用效率显著高于其他处理。综合分析表明,水肥耦合对河西绿洲区塑料大棚甘蓝叶球的农艺性状、产量、品质和养分吸收及水分利用率的影响显著,且灌溉频率的影响大于施肥量。H_2F_2处理(灌水频率9d/次,施肥量N、P_2O_5、K_2O为260,120,157.5kg/hm~2)是河西绿洲区塑料大棚甘蓝农艺性状、产量、品质、养分吸收以及水肥利用效率方面最佳的水肥组合模式。     

转基因棉花对棉蚜个体生长发育和繁殖能力的影响

【目的】研究转基因抗虫棉及转基因高产优质棉对棉蚜个体生长发育及繁殖能力的影响。【方法】采用离体叶片上组建生命表方法,研究转基因棉对棉蚜个体生长发育及繁殖能力的影响。【结果】转基因抗虫棉和转基因高产优质棉花对棉蚜发育速度、成蚜寿命、4龄若蚜体重、成蚜繁殖力无明显影响。【结论】转基因抗虫棉和转基因高产优质棉花对棉蚜发育速度、成蚜寿命、4龄若蚜体重、成蚜繁殖力无明显影响。转基因棉花对棉蚜生长发育及繁殖力没有不利影响。     

南京林业大学校园不同类型绿地冬季微气候效应分析

园林绿地对城市风热环境的改善发挥着重要作用,选取不同空间类型的校园绿地作为研究对象,对广场类、休憩绿地类、建筑中庭类、道路类4种绿化空间的冬季微气候效益进行定量化研究。于2016年12月12-16日,每天8:00-16:00,每2 h 1次分别对南京林业大学校园内具有代表性的10处样地的温度、相对湿度和风速进行同步测定。结果表明,绿地结构与建筑布局对校园冬季微气候影响最大,水体面积次之,下垫面材料的影响最小。对多数空间而言,在场地西北向或高层建筑下方布置乔-灌-草结构常绿植物构筑风障,东侧群植落叶乔木增加纳阳面积,对冬季微气候环境的改善有显著作用。     

马铃薯干腐病病原镰孢菌体内产细胞壁降解酶特性研究

干腐病是马铃薯窖储期的主要病害,病原菌往往通过薯块表面的机械擦伤入侵块茎并破坏块茎的薄壁细胞而进行侵染,其中病菌的进一步扩展需要降解寄主细胞壁,因此,针对干腐病病原镰孢菌产酶特性的研究具有重要意义。以接骨木镰孢菌（Fusarium sambucinum）、燕麦镰孢菌（Fusarium avenaceum）、拟丝孢镰孢菌（Fusarium trichothecioides）、黄色镰孢菌（Fusarium culmorum）、拟枝孢镰孢菌（Fusarium sporotriodides）为试验菌种,以克新1号为寄主材料,对5种镰孢菌体内产细胞壁降解酶特性及温度对这些致病菌的产酶特性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,当5种镰孢菌接种在马铃薯薯块上后,均可以产生羧甲基纤维素酶（Cx）、β-葡萄糖苷酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲基半乳糖醛酸酶（PMG）,其中Cx的活性在侵染后期最高,PMG在侵染前期较高,且Cx活性低于PMG。在温度对镰孢菌活体内产细胞壁降解酶的影响试验中发现,相对于不接菌对照,Cx、PMG的活性在25℃时较高,β-葡萄糖苷酶在20℃下活性较高,PG在20℃和25℃的活性都较高。以上结果说明：镰孢菌侵染马铃薯时会产生大量的细胞壁降解酶,Cx活性在侵染后期较高,PMG活性在侵染前期较高,且低温不利于真菌细胞壁降解酶的产生。     

Interaction mechanism and kinetics of ferrous sulfide and manganese oxides in aqueous system

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The oxidation of ferrous sulfide (FeS) causes soil acidification and the release of toxic heavy metal ions. Manganese oxides usually participate in the oxidation of...     

Erratum to: Interaction mechanism and kinetics of ferrous sulfide and manganese oxides in aqueous system

Journal of Soils and Sediments -     

Comparative study on the utilization of crystalline methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue calcium by Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone)

The objective of this study was to compare the supplemental effects of crystalline DL‐methionine (DL‐Met) and methionine hydroxy analogue calcium (MHA‐Ca) on growth performance of Pacific white shrimp. Eight isoproteinic (355.3 ± 2.0 g/kg diet) and isolipidic (70.0 ± 2.2 g/kg diet) diets were prepared as positive diet (20% fish meal), negative diet (15% fish meal) and DL‐Met, MHA‐Ca‐supplemented diets with the supplementation of 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.09% DL‐Met and 0.04%, 0.07%, 0.1% MHA‐Ca in negative diet respectively. Pacific white shrimp (0.92 ± 0.03 g) were fed one of the eight diets for 49 days. The results showed that dietary DL‐Met did not affect weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p > 0.05), but the supplementation of 0.1% MHA‐Ca significantly increased WG, protein and lipid retention, and reduced FCR (p < 0.05) when compared to the negative group, and reached the similar levels as the positive control. The total free amino acids (TFAA) in haemolymph of MHA‐Ca groups and PC, NC group peaked at the 3rd hr after feeding, but the peaking time of DL‐Met groups was advanced to the 2nd hr. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in haemolymph of all MHA‐Ca groups peaked at the 2nd hr, but DL‐Met groups peaked at the 1st hr after feeding. The above results indicated that the supplementation of 0.1% MHA‐Ca in a low fish meal diet could improve the growth performance and feed utilization of Pacific white shrimp, but dietary DL‐Met did not significantly affect the growth.