微生态制剂在奶牛养殖中的应用

随着畜禽养殖技术的不断提升,当代畜禽养殖业的发展方向逐渐由追求“数量”向追求“品质”发展。微生态制剂是利用正常微生物或促进微生物生长的物质制成的活的微生物制剂,具有改善动物饲料利用率,提高生长速度和机体免疫力,改善畜产品品质等作用。本文从微生态制剂的种类、作用机理以及在奶牛养殖中的应用效果和存在问题等方面进行阐述,为微生态制剂的发展提供思路。     

规模化奶牛场粪污危害、处理及循环利用模式

随着我国奶牛养殖业发展规模的壮大,规模化奶牛场数量持续增加,但奶牛场粪污污染问题也日益凸显。本文结合自身工作经验,首先分析了规模化奶牛场粪污的危害性,然后从雨污分离、固液分离和干清粪工艺对规模化奶牛场粪污处理方式进行概述,最后从厌气（厌氧）发酵获得沼气、微生物发酵用作饲料和生产生物有机肥三种不同模式介绍模化奶牛场粪污的循环利用操作,以期为规模化奶牛场粪污高效利用提供借鉴。     

A pioneering survey of deep-diving and off-shore cetaceans in the northern South China Sea

A pioneering boat-based survey was conducted in 2019, to gather baseline information regarding the presence, composition, relative abundance, and spatial distribution of deep-diving and off-shore cetaceans in the northern South China Sea (SCS). A total of 27 sightings comprising at least 8 cetacean species were recorded during the 13-day survey, including 5 deep-diving species (i.e. Risso's dolphin [Grampus griseus], short-finned pilot whale [Globicephala macrorhynchus], sperm whale [Physeter macrocephalus], Cuvier's beaked whale [Ziphius cavirostris], and an unidentified beaked whale [either the ginkgo-toothed beaked whale, Mesoplodon ginkgodens, or Deraniyagala's beaked whale, Mesoplodon hotaula]), as well as 3 off-shore dolphins (i.e. pantropical spotted dolphin [Stenella attenuate], striped dolphin [Stenella coeruleoalba], and Fraser's dolphin [Lagenodelphis hosei]). With the exception of pantropical spotted dolphins, all other species were sighted and recorded at sea in the northern SCS for the first time. The pantropical spotted dolphin was the most frequently sighted species, comprising 30% of the total sightings. Deep-diving cetaceans were mainly sighted in the northern Xisha Archipelago, whereas off-shore dolphins were distributed across the survey area. The pantropical spotted dolphin was observed in aggregations of more than 100 individuals and nearly all encountered species included calves; these findings suggested that the survey area functions as an important feeding and calving ground for various cetacean species. This pioneering survey provides fundamental information regarding cetacean fauna in the northern SCS and highlights the need to strengthen research and conservation efforts concerning these species.     

披碱草气体交换参数对土壤水分条件的响应

通过灌区试验研究,探讨了披碱草(Elymus dahuricus Turcz)不同土壤水分条件下蒸腾速率、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、叶面温度、水蒸汽浓度差的日变化规律,分析了蒸腾速率与气体交换特征参数的关系。试验结果表明:光合速率、蒸腾速率随着土壤含水量的降低而下降;蒸腾速率、净光合速率、气孔导度、水蒸汽浓度差在自然状态和充分供水状态下均呈双峰曲线特征,蒸腾速率、净光合速率、在凋萎缺水状态下出现三峰特征;胞间CO2浓度的日变化规律与蒸腾速率、净光合速率的日变化规律相反,呈W型;蒸腾速率与水蒸汽浓度差的相关度极高,线性关系明显。     

玉簪组织培养及离体再生体快繁体系的建立

以玉簪品种"紫萼"嫩叶、叶柄、腋芽及幼嫩的花梗为外植体,利用植物组织培养技术,研究了不同外植体、培养基配方组成等因素影响下的愈伤诱导以及扩繁培养情况,建立玉簪组织培养体系。结果表明:最佳外植体为花梗,最佳培养基组成为MS+6-BA 2.0mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.3mg·L~(-1)。     

植物内生菌次生代谢产物对设施番茄生长的影响

以番茄为试材,分别在缓苗后期、现蕾期和坐果期喷施植物内生菌次生代谢产物,在坐果期喷施后的10、20、30d时,比较分析了番茄形态及生理生化等各项指标,以探究其对设施番茄生长特性和生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:次生代谢产物可明显促进番茄生长和缓解低温对番茄植株造成的伤害,株高、茎粗、叶长、叶宽比对照组均有不同程度的提高;处理组丙二醛(MDA)含量分别比对照组低15.00%、7.35%和14.29%。叶绿素含量分别比对照组高13.27%、15.00%和19.57%。可溶性糖含量分别比对照组高8.46%、27.59%和43.93%。可溶性蛋白质含量分别比对照组高10.45%、12.54%和14.69%。说明植物内生菌次生代谢产物具有较好的应用前景。     

不同营养液对温室土壤盐渍化的影响

以种植年限3年的盐渍化土壤为研究对象,采用模拟土柱淋溶法,研究了不同用量和配比的KCl和MgCl_2营养液对土壤盐渍化离子的影响,以期为盐渍化土壤的修复提供参考依据。结果表明:随着营养液施用量的增加,土壤中K~+、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-含量提高,Na~+、Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-的含量降低,土壤中总盐分增高。与原土壤相比,土壤中K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-和土壤盐分总量下降,HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)较原土壤有所提高。从土壤盐分离子总电荷变化来看,在1∶1型的营养液配方中各处理间差异较小,而在2∶1型营养液配方中,随施钾用量的增加使土壤阳离子的存留量降低。表明次生盐渍化土壤中,平衡及低浓度的施用量可缓解土壤盐渍化,降低养分的淋溶作用,促进离子间平衡。     

不同品种芹菜品质指标测定及其聚类分析

以12个不同品种的芹菜为试材,对其可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、叶绿素、维生素C、硝酸盐、纤维素、蛋白质、氨基酸、微量元素、芹菜素含量等10个营养品质性状进行了测定,采用聚类分析对其进行比较。结果表明:不同品种的芹菜在营养品质方面不尽相同,其中"鲍芹"营养成分丰富,维生素C、芹菜素含量极高,适合食用。试验初步明确了各品种芹菜营养成分,为进一步开发芹菜的应用价值提供理论依据。     

步行轮式气垫车围裙—地面阻力特性分析

对步行轮式气垫车围裙－地面阻力特性进行了分析。建立了步行轮式气垫车围裙－地面阻力的精确数学模型，并进行了试验验证。探讨了几个主要因素对围裙－地面阻力的影响。     

Optimal Design of Plane Cascades Based on Wavelet Theory

Based on the optimal control theory and Lagrange interpolation an optimal design model of plane cascades of 3D blade in an arbitrary surface of revolution is established. Using wavelet theory to solve the model, and lots of numerical results are obtained. The results show that the wavelet method is more effective than the conventional methods.