Toxicity of cadmium and its competition with mineral nutrients for uptake by plants:A review

Cadmium(Cd)is a toxic heavy metal occurring in the environment naturally and is also generated through various anthropogenic sources and acts as a pollutant.Human health is affected by Cd pollution in farmland soils because food is the main source of Cd intake in the non-smoking population.For crops,Cd toxicity may result from a disturbance in uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients and disturbance in plant metabolism,inhibiting plant growth and development.However,plants have Cd tolerance mechanisms,including restricted Cd uptake,decreased Cd root-to-shoot translocation,enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities,and increased production of phytochelatins.Furthermore,optimal supply of mineral nutrients is one of the strategies to alleviate the damaging effects of Cd on plants and to avoid its entry into the food chain.The emerging molecular knowledge contributes to understanding Cd uptake,translocation,and remobilization in plants.In this review,Cd toxicity and tolerance mechanisms,agricultural practices to minimize Cd accumulation,Cd competition with essential elements(calcium,copper,iron,zinc,and manganese),and genes associated with Cd uptake are discussed in detail,especially regarding how these mineral nutrients and genes play a role in decreasing Cd uptake and accumulation in crop plants.     

Minimally modified low-density lipoprotein up-regulates endothelin receptors in mouse mesenteric artery through p38 MAPK pathway

AIMTo investigate whether minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL) affects the quantity and activity of endothelin （ET） type A (ET_A) and type B (ET_B) receptors in mouse mesenteric artery by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inflammatory pathway. METHODSThe KM mice were divided into normal saline (NS) group (injection of NS via caudal vein), mmLDL group (injection of mmLDL via caudal vein), LDL group (injection of LDL via caudal vein), mmLDL+SB 203580 group (injection of mmLDL via caudal vein and intraperitoneal injection of p38 MAPK pathway specific inhibitor SB 203580) and mmLDL+DMSO group (injection of mmLDL via caudal vein and intraperitoneal injection of DMSO). Mesenteric artery ring segment vasoconstriction dose-response curves affected by sarafotoxin 6c (S6c) and ET-1 were recorded by the myography system. The mRNA levels of ET_B receptor, ET_A receptor and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by RT-qPCR. The protein levels of ET_B receptor, ET_A receptor, IL-6, p38 MAPK, p-p38 MAPK, NF-κB and p-NF-κB were determined by Western blot. The serum concentration of IL-6 was measured by ELISA. RESULTSThe contractile responses of the blood vessel segments to S6c and ET-1 were significantly increased by mmLDL (P<0.01). The mRNA and protein expression levels of ET_A receptor, ET_B receptor, and IL-6 significantly increased (P<0.01). The protein levels of p-p38 MAPK and p-NF-κB were significantly increased (P<0.01). The serum level of IL-6 was significantly increased (P<0.01). These effects of mmLDL were inhibited by p38 MAPK inhibitor SB 203580. CONCLUSION mmLDL increses the serum concentration of IL-6, up-regulates the expression of IL-6, ET_A receptor and ET_B receptor in mouse mesenteric artery, and enhances the vasoconstriction function medi?ated by ET_A and ET_B receptors, which is related to the activation of p38 MAPK inflammatory pathway and downstream NF-κB pathway.     

胡杨河市棉铃虫理化诱控集成技术研究

为践行绿色植保理念,推动胡杨河市农药减量控害,研究棉铃虫在新型种植模式(稀-早-优)下的诱控技术.以性诱、灯诱、食诱为主体,以化学防治技术为辅助,开展棉铃虫的理化诱控集成技术研究.结果显示,理化防控区棉田落卵量较对照区降低,新增蕾铃被害率降低,防治成本较常规化学防治区降低909元/hm2.然而,理化诱控技术单一使用较为容易,如何与化学防治集成需进一步探索.因此,在新型种植模式下,理化诱控集成技术可以更好地防治棉铃虫,保护天敌,调控生态平衡,经济效益及生态效益显著.     

激光在土地保护、农作物生长及害虫防治领域应用研究进展

由于激光具有功率高、相干性好、光谱线宽窄、光谱范围广等特点,其在土地保护、农作物生长及害虫防治等领域应用广泛.文章综合国内外激光技术在农业领域的应用情况,介绍了已经获得应用的激光诱导击穿光谱仪、激光测距仪、激光雷达系统、激光补光灯等设备在土壤检测、土地平整、激光诱变育种、植物补光和虫害防治等领域发挥的作用,对激光技术对农业领域的推动作用,特别是激光技术在吉林省农业应用方面的情况进行了展望.     

‘越心’草莓组培突变体着色差异的分子机理初探

初步探讨了在‘越心’草莓（Fragaria × ananassa‘Yuexin’）茎尖离体培养再生植株中发现的稳定变异突变体着色差异的分子机理。分析结果显示，突变体与‘越心’在植株形态、始花期、始果期、始熟期、单果质量、平均株产、果形、风味等方面均无明显差异；而突变体外果皮色泽较淡，L*值较高，a*值较低，H色度角值较大，颜色指数CIRG显著小，且果肉不着色（‘越心’果肉红色）。突变体果实总花青苷含量为‘越心’的13.2%，其中以天竺葵素–3–O–葡萄糖苷（Pg3G）含量差异最大，突变体Pg3G含量仅为‘越心’的12.9%。花青苷合成途径结构基因FaF3H、FaCHS、FaDFR、FaANS、FaCHI、Fa3GT的表达水平在突变体中显著降低，这可能是突变体成熟果实花青苷水平显著低于‘越心’的直接原因。FaMYB10和FaMYB1在突变体中的表达水平显著下降，且FaMYB10在几个主成分中的特征向量绝对值均显著较高，进一步证实了MYB10是草莓成熟过程中花青苷合成的类黄酮或苯丙烷类化合物途径主要调节因子之一。提取叶片基因组DNA进行基于KASP标记的基因分型结果显示，74对KASP引物在‘越心’草莓及其突变体中的基因分型不存在差异。本结果初步证实突变导致参与调控花青苷合成途径的关键基因表达发生显著下调从而使花青苷积累显著减少，果实着色变淡。     

三七素提取工艺及检测方法的优化

本研究以三七（Panax notoginseng）植株及其产品和近缘种为研究对象,采用L₉(3 ⁴)正交试验对三七素的提取工艺进行了优化,然后利用HPLC法检测三七素含量,并对各样品中的三七素含量进行了比较分析。结果表明：优化后的三七素提取条件为超纯水、料液比1∶20（g/mL）,提取1次（10 min）;三七素在三七花蕾中的含量最高,其次是根状茎和主根,但是三七茎叶中也有较高含量的三七素,说明三七花蕾和茎叶均可作为三七素的提取原料;在三七产品中三七花的三七素含量最高,达到3.33%,其次是剪口（根状茎）、筋条（侧根）和须根;但三七素的含量与三七个头大小（头数）并无明显的相关性;在三七近缘种姜状三七（P. zingiberensis）和野三七（P. vienamensis var. fuscidiscus）主根、珠子参（P. japonicus var. major）根状茎中的三七素含量显著低于三七主根三七素含量,也显著低于三七其他部位的三七素含量,说明三七是最佳的三七素来源植物。三七素的含量主要受到物种和部位的影响,与产品规格无关。本文所建立的三七素提取方法和HPLC检测方法,能够快速简便、稳定可靠测定样品中三七素含量;并可为三七素相关标准的建立奠定基础,为三七的综合利用开发提供依据。     

基于MaxEnt模型的可可潜在适宜分布研究

根据野外采样和文献查阅,系统整理了可可的地理分布记录,并利用MaxEnt生态位模型和ArcGIS软件对可可的潜在适宜分布范围进行预测。结果表明:北美洲南部、中南美洲北部、非洲西部、亚洲东南部以及太平洋美拉尼西亚群岛地区均是可可的潜在适宜分布区域。其中,中国海南、台湾南部、云南西双版纳、广东雷州半岛也属于可可的适生范围。经ROC(Receiver operating characteristic)曲线分析法验证,MaxEnt模型的AUC(Area under curve)值为0.977,表明预测结果具有较高的可信度。各环境变量重要性的Jacknife检验表明,极端最低温度、年降雨量、年温度变化范围、最暖季降雨量对可可的潜在分布影响最大。     

黄瓜种质资源单瓜种子产量评价及其与种瓜性状的相关性研究

对不同生态类型的50份黄瓜种质资源的单瓜种子产量进行检测,并对单瓜种子产量与种瓜性状进行相关分析。结果表明,黄瓜单瓜种子产量在品种间存在一定的差异,变幅在0.5~7.9 g之间;筛选出单瓜种子产量在6.2 g以上的高产黄瓜种质资源5份,单瓜种子产量在1.9 g以下的低产黄瓜种质资源5份。黄瓜单瓜种子产量与7个性状相关,其影响顺序为:单瓜籽粒数>心腔横径>百粒重>单瓜重>种子长>种子宽>心腔纵径。通径分析表明,单瓜籽粒数和百粒重是影响黄瓜单瓜种子产量的主要因素,直接通径系数分别为0.908、0.363。此外,4种生态类型之间的单瓜种子产量差异不显著。