转基因作物对土壤微生物的影响

转基因植物可以将其所表达的基因产物以残体或根分泌物的形式释放到土壤中,并因此而有选择地影响某些微生物的生长和繁殖,但这种变化往往是不确定且短暂的。研究表明,与试验地土壤性质、气象因子和施肥、灌水、施药等农作措施相比,转基因作物对土壤微生物的影响相对要小得多。本文就国内外近年来关于转基因作物对土壤微生物的影响研究结果、存在问题和可能的解决途径进行述评。     

植被变化与水沙响应关系研究——以延河流域为例

以延河流域为研究对象,利用TM影像和降雨、径流泥沙数据,基于统计学和RS/GIS技术方法,分析了流域植被与水沙之间的响应关系及自然恢复植被的减水减沙效益.结果表明:2003-2005年与80年代相比,降雨增加导致径流量、输沙量增加8.1％、47.5％;人类活动导致径流量、输沙量减少23.4％、55.6％;人工林草植被减少径流量、泥沙量为0.228亿m3、543.478万t,自然恢复植被减少径流量、泥沙量为0.121亿m3、152.970万t;人工林草植被的减水、减沙效益占人类活动贡献的46.94％、30.64％,而自然恢复植被的减水、减沙效益占24.97％、8.62％.植被在水土保持中的作用日益突出,自然恢复植被减水减沙比重增大,“封育”措施在流域治理中具有重要意义.     

旱地燕麦间作对土壤酶活性、微生物含量及产量的影响

本文通过研究内蒙古旱作区禾本科、豆科及茄科间作对土壤生物性状的影响,旨在揭示燕麦（Avena sativa Linn）与不同作物间作及其单作在土壤酶活性、微生物量及土地当量比（LER）等方面的优势机理。本试验设置燕麦、黑豆（Glycinemax（L.）merr）、苜蓿（Medicago sativa）、马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum L）单作和黑豆间作燕麦、苜蓿间作燕麦、马铃薯间作燕麦共7个处理,探讨各处理对上述各指标的影响。结果表明：燕麦间作黑豆土地当量比最高,2015年和2016年分别为1.62和1.65。燕麦间作黑豆土壤脲酶活性和蔗糖酶活性较苜蓿间作燕麦、马铃薯间作燕麦显著提高了5.00%~51.61%和5.73%~52.29%。2015年和2016年播种后75 d苜蓿间作燕麦土壤过氧化氢酶活性显著高于黑豆间作燕麦,分别提高了29.47%和40.56%。黑豆间作燕麦对比其他两间作处理土壤微生物的生物量碳、氮含量分别显著提高了2.70%~17.89%和11.36%~26.47%,土壤脲酶活性提高了1.51%~55.22%,蔗糖酶活性提高了5.73%~52.29%,是该地区最优的间作模式。     

玉米抗粗缩病遗传及分子标记研究

Maize rough dwarf disease caused by Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is transmitted by planthopper in China. Identification and development of resistant hybrids are complicated because of the inconsistencies in viral disease pressure every year. Marker-assisted selection can provide means for main-taining virus resistance alleles even in the absence of disease. In this paper a F₂ segregation population was constructed to identity the molecular markers linked to the resistance gene using a cross between a resistant and a susceptible parents (Qi319×Ye107). Fifteen-day-old seedlings of F₂ population were exposed to small brown planthoppers carrying RBSDV for 3 days in specific inoculation chamber. The inoculated plants were transplanted to screenhouse after removing the insects completely. In plant maturity stage the disease resistance of all the individuals were visually assessed. The results showed that 17, 8, 11, 51 and 122 plants were scaled from 0-4 respectively, in which 0 means no symptoms and 4 represents highly susceptible. Chi-square test demonstrated that the segregation ratio of phenotype was 1∶15 (resistant: susceptible) or 1∶6∶9 (resistant∶moderate∶susceptible) in the F₂ population, indicating RBSDV resistance of maize was controlled by two recessive genes. The F₂ individuals DNA were extracted and 261 SSR (simple sequence repeat) primers derived from maize genome ten chromosomes were selected from maize GDB database to construct genetic linkage map. The linkage map consisted of 71 polymorphic SSR markers, spanning a genetic distance of 996.6 cM with an average interval of 14.0 cM between adjacent markers. The resistant and susceptible gene pools were set up for BSA (bulked segregant analysis) and 6 polymorphism markers were obtained with BSA-SSR method between the two pools. The F₂individuals were further analyzed with 6 polymorphism markers. Chi-square test showed that phi 051, umc1407 and umc1432, mapped on chromosome 7 and 10, exhibited segregation distortion significantly and very significantly in susceptible individuals. These three SSR markers were identified as potential markers linked to the resistant loci.     

玉米粗缩病抗性遗传研究

 本文选用3个抗病自交系(齐319、X178、沈137)和3个感病自交系(掖107、掖478、沈5003)按照NCII交配设计配制9套杂交组合研究了玉米抗粗缩病遗传规律。2009-2010年在曲阳、保定采用田间自然发病方法鉴定亲本、F₁、F₂群体的玉米粗缩病抗性,并采用灰飞虱人工接种方法鉴定亲本材料的抗病性。运用QGA station 软件的加性-显性-上位性(ADAA)遗传模型进行数据分析,结果表明,显性效应和加性效应是控制玉米粗缩病抗性的主要遗传组分,分别占表型变异的44.8%和13.1%,杂合显性效应表现负向杂种优势,抗病育种可加以利用。加性×加性上位性效应在玉米自交系和杂交组合抗粗缩病遗传中普遍存在,但因材料不同而表现负向或正向效应。玉米粗缩病抗性易受环境影响,显性与环境互作效应方差占表型方差的比率为39.8%,达到极显著水平。因此,培育抗粗缩病玉米品种应依据基因型选配适当的亲本材料,抗病品种宜进行多年多点鉴定筛选。     

线椒新品种湘辣18号的选育

湘辣18号是以R1030A为母本,R06-118-1-1为父本配制而成的杂交一代早熟线椒品种,第一开花节位8节;植株直立性好,果实线形,浅绿色;顺直光亮,平均果长27 cm,平均果宽1.6 cm,肉厚0.1 cm,平均单果质量16 g;耐低温弱光能力强,抗疫病与细菌性斑点病能力好,适合早春大棚栽培或早中熟露地丰产栽培。     

用雌性系配制的甜瓜新品种‘寿研1号’及其指纹图谱

 厚皮甜瓜‘寿研1号’是以回交转育的雌性系‘白9298gy’为母本, 以‘玉9635’自交系 为父本配制的一代杂交种。中熟, 果实发育期33～36 d。果实高圆形, 单瓜质量115～210 kg, 果皮光滑洁白, 果肉细腻, 白色略带浅绿, 糖度16.5%左右。易坐果, 耐低温, 抗病性强, 适于保护地栽培。用8对引物构建了其重复概率为1 /291 600的SSR分子标记的指纹图谱。     

厚层客土喷播基质中不同有机质添加物对护坡植物早期生长的影响

针对目前大量开挖草炭土用于厚层客土喷播绿化工程,导致严重破坏草炭富集区的植被,造成大量新裸露地的现状．本研究将3种不同的农业废弃物组合：Ⅱ、生玉米秸秆＋生活垃圾堆肥,Ⅲ、生玉米秸秆＋尿素堆肥,Ⅳ、生玉米秸秆来替代草炭土应用于厚层客土喷播绿化工程中,与草炭土（I）的绿化防护进行对比试验,对其理化性质及植物初期生长状况进行对比分析．结果表明,对照样方混合基质各项指标均满足植物正常生长所需的条件,植物早期生长状况良好,能达到有效代替草炭土的效果,具有较高的可行性．     

花生幼叶丛生芽成苗高频再生体系的建立

以花生品种豫花14号4 d苗龄的幼叶诱导的丛生芽为研究对象,对丛生芽的伸长和植株再生进行了研究。分别将丛生芽继代到4种不同的培养基上促进芽伸长,其中,以继代培养基MS+6-BA 2 mg/L+NAA 0.4 mg/L+AgNO32 mg/L植株再生率最高。当丛生芽长至3 cm左右时,移入生根培养基诱导生根,获得完整的再生植株。     

网络信息资源的特点及开发利用

本文论述了网络信息资源的概念及特点,提出了网络信息资源的开发利用原则及对策、方法.