小麦全蚀病菌拮抗细菌的筛选及生防效果

为筛选小麦全蚀病菌Gaeumannomyces tritici的拮抗细菌,从健康小麦根际土壤中分离和筛选拮抗细菌,采用对峙培养法和室内盆栽试验测定拮抗细菌对小麦全蚀病菌的抑制活性及生防效果,通过形态学特征观察、生理生化特性测定和保守序列分析确定其分类地位。结果表明,从小麦根际土壤中分离并筛选获得2株具有较好拮抗效果的菌株XJ-3和XJ-4,对小麦全蚀病菌菌丝生长的抑制率分别为64.31%和65.25%。基于菌株XJ-3和XJ-4的形态学特征、生理生化特性和gyrB基因系统进化分析结果,将其均鉴定为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis。菌株XJ-3和XJ-4的发酵液中均含有一类具抗真菌活性、耐热性的非蛋白类次生代谢产物;经菌株XJ-3和XJ-4发酵液处理小麦幼苗后,株高较对照分别显著增加了6.48%和13.12%,干重较对照分别增加了1.30%和14.29%,其中菌株XJ-4的促生效果相对较好;对小麦全蚀病的盆栽防效分别达到51.29%和52.46%。表明筛选得到的贝莱斯芽胞杆菌XJ-3和XJ-4可用于小麦全蚀病的生物防治,具有开发为生防制剂的潜力。     

土壤中苯肽胺酸的测定及淋溶特性研究

建立了反相条件下超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测土壤中苯肽胺酸残留量的分析方法,并结合土壤薄层层析试验研究了苯肽胺酸在3种典型土壤(黑土、水稻土和红土)中的淋溶特性。结果表明:添加水平为0.1、1和10 mg/kg时,苯肽胺酸在土壤中的添加回收率为77.3%~99.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.3%~11.4%;其在3种土壤中的检出限(LOD)均低于1.0μg/kg。苯肽胺酸在吉林黑土中的比移值(Rf)为0.83,其移动性为可移动;在江苏水稻土中的Rf值为0.61,在湖南红土中的Rf值为0.62,移动性均为中等。     

Aphid-borne viruses infecting cultivated watermelon and squash in Spain: Characterization of a variant of cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV)

Aphid-borne viruses are responsible for major cucurbit diseases and hamper the sustainability of crop production. Systematic monitoring can reveal the occurrence and distribution of these viruses, in addition to unadvertised viruses, facilitating the control of diseases. For three consecutive (2018–2020) seasons, the presence of aphid-borne viruses was monitored from a total of 292 samples of watermelon and squash plants that showed yellowing symptoms in three major cucurbit-producing areas (Castilla La-Mancha, Alicante, and Murcia) in Spain. We observed that cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) was the most common virus found (29%) in the plants from both crops. Likewise, except for squash samples from Castilla La-Mancha and Alicante, watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) was also found (23%) with a relatively high frequency. Furthermore, we observed the exacerbation of bright yellowing symptoms in watermelon plants that was often accompanied by considerable fruit abortion. CABYV was the only causative agent for this new yellowing disease, and two infectious cDNA clones (one from watermelon, CABYV-LP63, and another from melon, CABYV-MEC12.1) were constructed to further compare and characterize this CABYV disease. Based on the full-length genome, both isolates were grouped phylogenetically together within the Mediterranean clade. However, the Koch's postulates tests were only successfully completed for the LP63 isolate, which also showed several amino acid changes and two potential recombination events, as compared to MEC12.1. Remarkably, the LP63 isolate caused more severe symptoms and showed higher RNA accumulation than MEC12.1 in five cucurbit plant species. These results suggest that a novel CABYV variant that causes severe yellowing symptoms may be causing outbreaks in cucurbit crops.     

2011年昆明市烟草主要病害发生特点

通过对昆明市烟草病虫害预测预报网络中烟草病毒病、黑胫病、赤星病、炭疽病、白粉病、野火病的发生观测研究,浅析了2011年昆明市6种烟草病害的发生趋势和发生特点。结果表明：2011年昆明市烟草赤星病、炭疽病、白粉病、野火病的发生较为轻微。     

砂薄地冬小麦-夏玉米轮作施钾效应

在大田条件下研究了砂质潮土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作施钾效应,田间试验结果表明：砂质潮土地冬小麦产量随施钾量的增加而增加,以施钾量150kg/hm2（基肥：追肥=5：5）的经济效益最佳,增产822.7 kg/hm2,每公顷增收724.1元,产投比为2.42;玉米生产也以施钾量150kg/hm2分次施用为最佳,增产1368.4kg/hm2,每公顷增收1281.7元,产投比为2.52。冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中,施钾量为150 kg/hm2时,两季连续分次施用钾肥经济效益最佳,施钾量为300 kg/hm2时,小麦分次施用钾肥而玉米不施钾肥的经济效益最好。     

The Effect of Dietary Sulphate Copper Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Digestive Enzymes and Absorptive Transporters in Weanling Pigs

The experiment was conducted to assess the effects of dietary supplementation of Cu on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, tissue minerals and absorptive transporters in small intestinal mucosa of weanling pigs. One hundred crossbred pigs weaned at 28 ± 2 d of age were assigned randomly to one of the following diets with 5 replicates: corn-soybean basal diet with 10, 100, 175, 250 mg/kg of Cu as CuSO₄•5H₂O. The results showed that 250 mg/kg Cu had a positive effect (P < 0.05) on average daily gain, daily feed intake and ratio of gain/feed. Compared to 10 mg/kg Cu, higher Cu had significant effect on the apparent digestibility of protein and fat (P < 0.05). The supplementing of Cu improved amylase and lipase activity in jejunum content and lipase in pancreas (P < 0.05) and had no effect on intestinal morphology. The liver Cu elevated approximately 4-fold in pigs fed diet with 250 mg/kg Cu compared with pigs fed diet with 10 mg/kg Cu, no increases were observed in pigs receiving the lower level of Cu (100 and 175 mg/kg). Both Fe and Zn contents in kidney and liver were not affected by Cu supplementation. There was no positive effect (P > 0.05) of Cu supplementation on PepT1 (peptide transporter 1) and SGLT1 (sodium/glucose cotransporter) mRNA abundance in intestinal mucosa. However, higher supplementing level (250 mg/kg) significantly elevated the DMT1 (divalent metal transporter) mRNA abundance in duodenum mucosa. These results suggested that dietary supplementation with 250 mg/kg Cu could improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal enzyme activities of weanling pigs.     

绵羊MC4R基因的半定量RT-PCR及生物信息学分析

本研究旨在对绵羊MC4R基因进行组织表达谱和生物信息学分析。参考牛MC4R基因序列设计引物,采用PCR技术克隆绵羊MC4R基因序列,并利用半定量RT-PCR进行组织表达谱分析;同时对其进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,克隆的绵羊MC4R基因全长1 919 bp,含有999 bp的完整CDS编码区,编码332个氨基酸。其CDS编码区的核苷酸序列与牛、人、猪、大鼠、小鼠MC4R基因对应序列的同源性分别为95.2%、68.8%、82.7%、76.6%、77.1%,预测的氨基酸序列同源性分别为97.0%、92.8%、93.7%、92.2%、91.6%。组织表达谱分析表明MC4R基因在各组织均不同程度的表达,其中在大脑表达量很高,其他组织较低。生物信息学预测MC4R蛋白功能发现,绵羊的MC4R蛋白存在7个跨膜螺旋结构域,同时预测MC4R存在10个磷酸化位点和1个特异性蛋白激酶磷酸化位点。结果表明,MC4R是一个非常保守的蛋白,在绵羊的生长发育中起着重要作用。     

长沙市土地利用生态风险及评价

摘要：城市生态环境问题已成为制约城市可持续发展的重要问题,土地利用变化是城市生态环境改变的重要因素。长沙市作为中部经济发达、人口众多的大城市,其工业化和城市化的发展速度很快。强烈的土地需求对土地利用的强度、方式、规模、布局等造成了深远的影响,同时也对城市生态环境造成强烈的冲击,生态安全受到严重威胁。本文引入城市土地利用生态风险评价的概念,分析长沙市土地利用现状,阐述城市土地利用生态风险产生的原因,识别与土地利用相关的生态环境问题,综合运用主成分分析,K均值聚类等方法,建立了土地利用生态风险评价模型,分析和评价长沙市土地利用生态风险。结果发现该区所研究时段土地利用生态风险总体上变大,土地利用生态风险值从1996年的-0.85286（Ⅴ）,变为2006年的1.321039（Ⅰ）,期间变化波动明显,风险值在1996-1999年和2003-2006年趋于上升,2000-2002年趋于下降。根据此评价结论提出一系列规避和应对生态风险,协调城市土地利用与生态环境的对策。     

宁夏大型灌区续建配套与节水改造项目——以第二农场渠为例

宁夏大型灌区续建配套与节水改造项目自1998年启动实施以来,灌区骨干工程安全状况有了较大改观,渠道综合调控能力不断增强,全灌区节水意识进一步提高,灌区“两改一提高”工作稳步推进,除险保安、节水增效成果显著。但由于灌区水利工程大多是20世纪五六十年代在原有基础上改造和修建的,灌区规模大,历史遗留问题多,水利基础设施薄弱,改造需求量大,加之投入有限,目前灌区仍存在水资源综合调控体系不完善、渠道砌护率低、大型泵站老化严重、沟道排水不畅、骨干渠系防洪体系脆弱、管理设施差等突出问题,灌溉水利用系数只有0.41,成为全国老化失修最严重的灌区之一。