近50年开都河流域下游降水和气温变化特征分析

采用开都河流域下游焉耆县、和静县、和硕县三个气象站1960-2009年气温和降水观测资料,以线性趋势函数,M-K突变检验等方法,分析开都河流域下游气温和降水的年际变化、季节变化特征。研究结果表明:(1)焉耆县、和静县与和硕县的年平均气温呈上升趋势,年平均气温线性拟合增长率分别为0.366℃·10a^-1、0.256℃·10a^-1、0.033℃·10a^-1。(2)和硕县月平均最低气温呈现下降趋势,而焉耆县与和静县平均最高气温、最低气温均呈上升趋势;从季节年际变化来看,三个县四季气温均有增加趋势,冬季增温明显,秋季平均气温的年际变化幅度与年平均气温的年际变化幅度相似。(3)三个县年降水量距平值呈下降-上升-下降特征,降水量有微弱增多趋势。(4)和静县与和硕县两站气温异常,焉耆县降水异常,气温突变均出现在20世纪90年代,而且突变发生较频繁。     

Short-Term Storage of Semen of Rainbow Trout: Interactions of Time,Antibiotic, and Activator

This study was designed to examine the main effects and interactions of time, presence of antibiotics, and type of sperm activators on the fertilization capacity (eyeing rate) of refrigerated semen of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The semen samples were stored in the presence or absence of 250 IU ml^?1 penicillin and 250 μg ml^?1 streptomycin sulfate. Freshwater and a saline solution were used as sperm activators. The semen samples were stored at 2–3°C and fertilized after 0, 6, 8, 12, 19, and 25 days of storage. Fertilizing capacities of semen samples stored in the presence of antibiotics (63.8 ± 5.6%) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those stored in the absence of antibiotics (46.2 ± 6.7%). Also, the fertilizing capacities of stored semen samples activated using saline solution (70.7 ± 5.7%) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher values than those activated using freshwater (39.3 ± 5.9%). Semen samples stored in the absence of antibiotics completely lost fertilizing capacity within 19 days of storage. After 25 days of storage in the presence of antibiotics, induction of fertilization using freshwater and saline solution resulted in 0% and 79.8 ± 1.7% fertility, respectively.     

Ultraviolet light and semi‐recirculating systems in artificial incubation of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) eggs: opportunities and limitations

Development of artificial crayfish egg incubation is a milestone in intensive culture of crayfish as commercially important freshwater animals. This study evaluated experimental treatments combining continuous UV lighting, a non‐chemical antifungal treatment, with an initial formaldehyde bath for noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) eggs incubated in semi‐recirculating systems, which requires less than 1 per cent the amount of water necessary for conventional flow‐through systems. The one‐time administration of a pre‐incubation bath to reduce formaldehyde exposure was ineffective. Ultraviolet irradiation of recirculating water provided poor results (13.5% and 35.2% final survival rates to stage 2 juveniles) and led to deteriorating water quality. An inability of hatchlings to successfully moult and the occurrence of limb deformities was observed in UV‐treated groups, and juvenile mortality was found across all experimental treatments.     

Effects of diazinon on the activity and gene expression of mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase from rat pancreatic Langerhans islets

The main propose of the present study was to determine the effects of diazinon on the activity and gene expression of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) as the key enzyme of Langerhans islet for secretion of insulin. Diazinon was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg. Langerhans islets were isolated from the pancreas of rats by a standard collagenase digestion, separation by centrifugation, and hand-picking technique. The activity and gene expression of the mitochondrial GDH was determined in the islets homogenates. Glutamate, C-peptide, and insulin were determined in plasma.Diazinon at all tested doses (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.01) decreased plasma insulin after 1 h while the values did not differ from control when examined after 18 h. Diazinon at all tested doses (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.01) increased concentration of C-peptide both 1 and 18 h post-administration. Diazinon at all tested doses (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) increased production of glutamate while the values did not differ from control when tested after 18 h. Administration of diazinon at doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.001) increased activity of GDH after 1 h while all doses of diazinon increased GDH activity when measured after 18 h. Diazinon at dose of 60 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.01) decreased expression of GDH gene 18 h post-administration.It is concluded that GDH is a component of diazinon-induced changes in release of improper insulin.     

Effects of partial substitution of dietary fish meal by fermented soybean meal on growth performance,amino acid and biochemical parameters of juvenile black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal protein with fermented soybean meal (FSM) on the growth performance, feed utilization, amino acid profile, body composition, morphological parameters, activity of antioxidant and digestive enzymes of black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegeli) juvenile. Five isonitrogenic and isolipidic diets were prepared with levels of 0 (control), 80, 160, 240 and 320 g kg^?1 FSM. Triplicate groups (40 fish per tank) of juvenile black sea bream with initial weight of 1.17 ± 0.04 g were hand‐fed to visual satiation at three meals per day for 8 weeks. The fish fed diets containing different levels of FSM had no significant differences regarding survival and specific growth rate compared with control group. Feed and protein efficiency ratios of fish fed diet containing 320 g kg^?1 FSM were significantly lower than those of control group. Daily feed intake and daily protein intake of fish fed diet containing 240–320 g kg^?1 were significantly higher than those of control group. Hepatosomatic index and condition factor of fish were not affected by different dietary FSM level. Fish fed diets containing 240–320 g kg^?1 FSM had significantly higher visceral somatic index than control group. Whole body proximate and amino acid compositions of fish were not affected by dietary FSM level. The activity of digestive enzymes in the intestine was not affected by dietary FSM level. The activity of glutathione peroxidase in liver was significantly higher for fish fed the diet containing 160 g kg^?1 FSM compared with control group. This study showed that up to 40% fish meal in the diets of juvenile black sea bream could be replaced by fermented soybean meal with supplementation of methionine, lysine and taurine.     

Pathogenic and coat protein characterization confirming the occurrence of Bean common mosaic virus on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Kashmir,India

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), belonging to the family Potyviridae, is a serious pathogen of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) causing considerable economic losses owing to seed, sap and aphid transmissibility. The viral nature of the test isolates and identity of the virus as BCMV were confirmed by mechanical transmission and DAS-ELISA using BCMV antiserum. Pathogenic variability studies in BCMV infecting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Jammu and Kashmir (a northwestern Himalayan state of India), revealed the existence of three pathogroups – PG-I, PG-II and PG-VII, accommodating five strains (NL-1, NL-1n, NL-4, NL-7 and NL-7n). Comparative sequence analysis of coat protein gene revealed that the strains NL-1, NL-4 and NL-7 shared more than 90% amino acid sequence homology with other BCMV isolates from other countries. DAG motif as well as BCMV specific conserved motif MVWCIDN were present in all the three strains. Phylogenetic analysis of coat protein also clustered them in the BCMV group. This study confirmed the occurrence of BCMV and its strains on common bean in Kashmir.     

Epidemiology, pathology, immunology and diagnosis of bovine farcy: a review

Bovine farcy (which is caused by Mycobacterium farcinogenes and Mycobacterium senegalense) is a chronic suppurative granulomatous inflammation of the skin and lymphatics of cattle and is seen mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. It is not yet certain whether Nocardia farcinica causes cutaneous nocardiosis (farcy) in animals that mimics bovine farcy. Epidemiological data have steadily reported finding bovine farcy in adult cattle of the transhumance pastoralist tribes of the Sahel and the Sudanian savannah zones. M. farcinogenes and or M. senegalense do not affect other domestic or non-domestic animals; it is not known whether these bacteria are zoonotic. The disease--once widespread in many regions--has disappeared from some countries historically known to have it. Reports of bovine farcy prevalence seem to be linked to the existence of survey initiatives by governments and diagnostic capabilities in each country. Farcy causes economic loss due to damaged hides and also is a public-health burden (because the lymphadenitis due to farcy resembles the lesions of bovine tuberculosis in carcasses and the meat is considered inappropriate for human consumption). The current literature is deficient in establishing definitely the prevalence, transmission patterns, and risk factors of bovine farcy. Ixodid ticks transmit other skin diseases (such as dermatophilosis) and might play a role in bovine farcy (given the similarity in the bio-physiology and geographic distribution of the disease). In addition, the tick-resistance of cattle breeds such as the N'Dama, Fulani or the Nilotic might explain their resistance to bovine farcy. Apart from the judicious use of conventional smear-and-culture methods, few diagnostic tests have been developed; the molecular and serological tests have not been evaluated for reproducibility and accuracy. This review points out aspects of bovine farcy that need further research and updates available data on the prevalence, distribution, risk factors, economic and public health implications, diagnosis, and control.     

Estimation of demand for wood panels in Iran by the year of 2012

Considering increasing rate of Iran population and consumption of wood panels, the authors investigated the per capita consumption of wood panels during the years from 1997 to 2007. The exponential smoothing method was used to obtain a per capita consumption pattern of wood panels in Iran for estimating demand of wood panels by the year of 2012. Results show that the consumption of particleboard, fiberboard, and medium density fiberboard in Iran will increase by 33%, 72% and 107 %, respectively, by the year of 2012; however, the consumption of plywood will increase only by 7% by 2012. The deficient amount of wood panels in Iran is estimated over 1400000 m3. The results of this study provide the technique reference for planners of wood panel industries in Iran in capital investment decisions.