中国边境9省(区)城镇化与乡村振兴的耦合协调与影响因素

[目的] 探讨中国边境9省（区）城镇化与乡村振兴两大战略系统的协调发展关系与影响因素,为统筹边境地区城乡发展与促进国土安全提供科学依据。[方法] 构建城镇化与乡村振兴的指标综合评价体系,采取耦合协调度模型、灰色关联度模型分析中国边境9省（区）2008—2018年两大系统的耦合协调关系及影响因素。[结果] ①2008—2018年中国边境地区城镇化指数呈波动上升态势,总体上土地城镇化高于人口城镇化。②乡村振兴整体指数由2008年的0.273上升至2018年的0.756,边境城乡统筹推进力度加大,省域乡村发展差距不断在缩小。③城镇化与乡村振兴的协调程度由中度协调向高度协调转变,按照两系统的协调程度情况将边境9省（区）划分为优化提升型、调整进步型与重点突破型。④中国边境9省（区）城镇化与乡村振兴两大系统的协调发展是各种内外部力量交织作用下的结果,其中政府决策起到关键引导作用,互联互通扮演“催化剂”角色,产业结构提供重要内生“造血”力量,经济发展与人口迁移具有外部“输血”作用。[结论] 应从建立健全城乡融合发展机制、分区分级分类制定发展战略、构建跨区域协同发展新格局和激活创新驱动内生发展动力等方面促进中国边境9省（区）城镇化与乡村振兴协调发展。     

改进WHCNS模型模拟耕作方式对作物生长和水分利用效率的影响

耕作改变了土壤物理特性,进而影响了作物生长和水分利用,定量研究不同耕作方式下的农田土壤水分动态与作物生长过程是制定合理耕作制度的基础。该研究在土壤水热碳氮模拟模型（Soil Water Heat Carbon Nitrogen Simulator,WHCNS）的基础上耦合了EPIC模型的土壤耕作模块,构建了适用于不同耕作方式的土壤水热碳氮过程模拟模型。利用华北平原南部河南商丘试验站2015-2017年实测的不同耕作方式下（深耕、免耕和轮耕）的土体储水量、叶面积指数、地上部干物质质量和产量数据对改进后的WHCNS模型进行了校验和模拟效果评价,并模拟分析了不同耕作方式对冬小麦和夏玉米农田蒸散量、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,所有处理的土体储水量、叶面积指数和地上部干物质质量模拟值与实测值的相对均方根误差均小于30%,一致性指数均大于等于0.90,纳什系数均大于等于0.58,决定系数均大于等于0.90,作物产量模拟值与实测值的决定系数达到0.99。两季冬小麦,与深耕和免耕相比,轮耕的蒸散量分别降低了8.8%～10.8%和13.8%～21.0%,水分利用效率分别提高了6.7%～9.4%和15.7%～24.9%。两季夏玉米,与深耕和轮耕相比,免耕的蒸散量分别降低了12.5%～12.9%和20.7%～22.2%,水分利用效率分别提高了13.4%～15.2%和29.1%～31.3%。耕作方式对产量的影响并不明显。总体而言,改进后的WHCNS模型可以较好地模拟华北平原不同耕作方式下土壤水分与作物生长的动态过程。     

Nitrogen Deep Placement Combined with Straw Mulch Cultivation Enhances Physiological Traits,Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Mechanical Pot-Seedling Transplanting Rice

To assess the effects of straw return coupled with deep nitrogen (N) fertilization on grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE) in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting (MPST) rice, the seedlings of two rice cultivars, i.e., Yuxiangyouzhan and Wufengyou 615 transplanted by MPST were applied with N fertilizer at 150 kg/hm² and straw return at 6 t/hm² in early seasons of 2019 and 2020. The experiment comprised of following treatments: CK (no fertilizer and no straw return), MDS (deep N fertilization and straw return), MBS (broadcasting fertilizer and straw return), MD (deep N fertilization without straw return), MB (broadcasting fertilizer without straw return). Results depicted that the MDS treatment significantly increased the rice yield by 41.69%?72.22% due to total above-ground biomass, leaf area index and photosynthesis increased by 54.70%?55.80%, 38.52%?52.17% and 17.89%?28.40%, respectively, compared to the MB treatment. In addition, the MDS treatment enhanced the total N accumulation by 37.74%?43.69%, N recovery efficiency by 141.45%?164.65%, N agronomic efficiency by 121.76%? 134.19%, nitrate reductase by 46.46%?60.86% and glutamine synthetase by 23.56%?31.02%, compared to the MB treatment. The average grain yield and NUE in both years for Yuxiangyouzhan were higher in the MDS treatment than in the MD treatment. Hence, deep N fertilization combined with straw return can be an innovative technique with improved grain yield and NUE in MPST in South China.     

圈养黇鹿对北方4种常见苗木叶片适口性浅析

为研究鹿科动物食性,探讨树叶用作鹿科动物饲料的可能性,以黇鹿为试验对象,选取北方常见榆树、刺槐、垂柳及毛白杨等4种树种新鲜叶片作为饲料,对其适口性进行分析。结果表明,黇鹿对4种叶片喜食程度依次为榆树叶、刺槐叶、垂柳叶和毛白杨叶;通过对叶片粗蛋白质含量(CP%)、酸洗纤维(ADF%)、中洗纤维(NDF%)等7种生化指标测定发现叶片中的CP含量(P=0.001)、ADF含量(P=0.025)及NDF含量(P=0.032)是影响其对叶片选择的关键因素。     

氮磷钾配施对金钗石斛幼苗生长的影响

为探明金钗石斛高产栽培的氮磷钾最佳配方,以金钗石斛幼苗为材料,采用田间试验研究不同氮磷钾配比施肥对金钗石斛幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：不同处理对金钗石斛幼苗生长效果不同,其中,以施用尿素10．87 kg/667m2＋过磷酸钙31．25 kg/667m2＋硫酸钾10．00 kg/667m2效果最好,其药用部位（茎）的生长量为1．74 g/株,较 CK 增加5．45％,微量元素铜、锌、铁和锰含量分别较 CK 增加46．24％、50．80％、69．35％和25．70％,药用成分茎多糖和石斛碱分别较 CK 增加42．36％和46．67％。合适的氮磷钾配比能够明显促进金钗石斛幼苗产量和品质的提高。     

我国森林资源采伐消耗特点分析

通过第八次森林资源清查成果分类汇总,分析我国森林资源采伐消耗的现状、结构及区域分布特点,以历次森林资源清查结果分析我国森林资源采伐消耗动态变化趋势及特点,提出了加强林木采伐管理、科学经营森林、提高木材供给能力的对策、措施和建议。     

Spatial–temporal variations in biosonar activity of Yangtze finless porpoise in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its correlation with underwater noise: Are quieter non-shipping branches the remaining shelters?

1. Yangtze finless porpoise (YFP) is Critically Endangered, It relies on its biological sonar sensing system for important life activities. The rapid development of the Yangtze valley has brought busy shipping, which has resulted in increased noise.
2. Two locations on the shipping channel and non-shipping branch were selected. Passive acoustic monitoring was used to record the biosonar signals of porpoises and underwater noise. The number of click trains, echolocation encounters, buzzes and buzz ratios were counted and the root mean square sound pressure level of noise was calculated in five diel phases.
3. A non-parametric test was used to analyse the differences among different phases and between different locations. The aim of the study was to detect the spatial and temporal variations in the biosonar activity of YFPs and underwater noise between non-shipping and shipping channels, and to provide scientific advice for YFP conservation.
4. Significant spatial and temporal patterns were observed both in biosonar activity and noise. Average biosonar activity, including click trains, buzzes, buzz ratio and echolocation encounters, was higher in the non-shipping channel than in the shipping channel, whereas the noise level was higher in the shipping channel than in the non-shipping channel.
5. In the non-shipping channel, the buzz numbers and buzz ratios, indicators of porpoise feeding activity, were higher at night than during the day while the noise level was higher during the day than at night.
6. These findings may be associated with the noise avoidance strategies of YFPs to adapt to the busy shipping on the Yangtze River. Maintaining the non-shipping status of some branches of the Yangtze River can provide more shelters for the YFPs. Strengthening the measures for banning navigation at night or reducing the vessel speed at night throughout the entire year would improve the YFPs’ feeding success.

     

调亏灌溉条件下冬小麦籽粒灌浆特征及其模拟模型

在移动式防雨棚下,采用盆栽土培方法,以冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）为试验材料进行了调亏灌溉（regulated deficit irrigation,RDI）试验研究,目的在于了解RDI对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响,并对其进行模拟,为建立冬小麦RDI指标与模式提供理论依据与技术参数。试验采用二因素（水分调亏阶段和调节亏水度）随机区组设计。结果表明,RDI条件下冬小麦籽粒灌浆过程符合“缓-快-慢”的“S”型生长曲线,并可用Richards方程进行较好的模拟;不同水分调亏处理间最大灌浆速率及其出现时间、平均灌浆速率、灌浆持续期、活跃生长期和3个灌浆阶段灌浆持续期,以及最终千粒质量等特征参数差异达显著水平;其中,越冬期轻度调亏具有最高的平均灌浆速率（每百粒0.234 g/d）、最大灌浆速率（每百粒0.369 g/d）、最高的第3阶段灌浆速率（每百粒0.099 g/d）和最高的千粒质量（58.46 g）。经相关和逐步回归分析灌浆参数与千粒质量的关系,结果表明,多数参数间存在着显著或极显著的相关性,其中,与千粒质量有显著或极显著相关关系的参数有最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、活跃生长期和第3阶段灌浆速率等。     

邻域距离对细胞自动机模型模拟土地利用变化精度的影响

细胞自动机原理广泛应用于土地利用变化空间模拟。邻域距离是细胞自动机模型的主要参数,但在以往研究中讨论较少。该研究利用土地利用变化模型（CLUE-S）邻域模拟模块,以北京市密云县1991－2004年的土地利用变化模拟为例,研究了模型中不同邻域距离参数对土地利用空间变化模拟精度的影响。基于1991年真实土地利用数据,选择200、400、600、1 000和1 200 m的邻域距离在两种邻域形状下分别模拟了2004年土地利用空间分布。通过2004年实际土地利用空间数据和模拟数据比较,利用kappa系数评价模拟结果精度。结果表明,在两种邻域形状下,邻域距离的变化对模拟结果精度都有较大影响。环状邻域距离的增大会导致模拟精度的降低,面状邻域距离的增大则导致模拟精度先增后降。不同土地类型对邻域距离变化的敏感程度和反应皆不相同。今后在土地利用变化模型应用中,对细胞自动机模型的验证过程中需考虑对邻域距离的研究和讨论。