甘肃陇南油橄榄产量产能调查分析

对甘肃省陇南市油橄榄主产区武都、文县、宕昌3县(区)100多个挂果橄榄园和9家橄榄油加工企业2010榨季油橄榄鲜果产量及橄榄油加工产能进行了现地调查,分析了存在的主要问题,提出了对策和措施.     

森林经营认证评价指标体系的探讨——以黄丰桥国有林场为例

文章通过借鉴国内外森林经营认证已有的研究成果,归纳总结了影响森林经营认证的主要因素,并在此基础上建立了国有林场森林经营认证评价指标体系,提出了森林经营认证综合指数的新概念。     

铜唑防腐剂处理对沙柳沙障防腐性能的影响

以铜唑防腐剂(CuAz)对沙柳沙障进行处理,比较CuAz防腐剂不同处理浓度对沙柳沙障抗折强度损失率和质量损失率的变化.结果表明:不同浓度处理的沙柳沙障抗折强度损失率存在显著差异,抗折强度损失率随浓度的变化规律为3.5%＜3.0%＜2.5%＜2.0%＜1.5%＜CK;不同浓度处理的沙柳沙障质量损失率存在显著差异,质量损失...     

发酵床垫料翻耙结合网床养殖改善鸭舍空气质量与鸭生产性能

为解决规模化肉鸭生产中粪污影响鸭健康和污染环境的问题,研发了一种发酵床结合网床架养新技术及其配套的可移动式网床下发酵床垫料翻耙系统,并研究了该模式在控制舍内气载微生物数量和提高鸭生产性能中的优势。结果显示:1)可移动式发酵床垫料翻耙系统实现不同发酵床体共用一台翻耙机。2)与发酵床平养相比,鸭26日龄之前未翻耙垫料时,发酵床网养舍内需氧菌总数(1.531×105 CFU/m3)和大肠杆菌数量(1.298×104 CFU/m3)显著升高(P0.05);鸭27~34日龄时每4 d翻耙垫料,发酵床网养舍内需氧菌总数(2.304×105 CFU/m3)和金黄色葡萄球菌数量(1.353×105 CFU/m3)显著降低(P0.05);鸭35~39日龄时每天翻耙垫料,发酵床网养舍内需氧菌总数(1.255×105 CFU/m3)和"沙门+志贺"氏菌数量(14.13 CFU/m3)显著降低(P0.05)。3)在发酵床平养舍内,与每4 d翻耙1次垫料相比,每天翻耙1次垫料舍内需氧菌总数(2.688×105 CFU/m3)、大肠杆菌(2.038×104 CFU/m3)、金黄色葡萄球菌(8.90×104 CFU/m3)和"沙门+志贺"氏菌(47.11 CFU/m3)数量显著(P0.05)降低,而在发酵床网养舍内,每天翻耙1次垫料舍内需氧菌总数(1.255×105 CFU/m3)和"沙门+志贺"氏菌(14.13 CFU/m3)数量显著降低(P0.05)。4)与发酵床平养相比,发酵床网养增加鸭体质量(P0.05),降低死亡率和上市淘汰率(P0.05)。结果表明研发的肉鸭养殖新模式能更好地减少舍内空气中病原菌浓度,改善鸭舍内空气环境,提高鸭生产性能。该研究为发酵床结合网床架养新模式在规模企业中推广应用提供技术支持。     

Effects of temperature on soil organic carbon fractions contents,aggregate stability and structural characteristics of humic substances in a Mollisol

Purpose

Under a global warming scenario, understanding the response of soil organic carbon fractions and aggregate stability to temperature increases is important not only for better understanding and maintaining relevant ecosystem services like soil fertility and crop productivity, but also for understanding key environmental processes intimately related with the maintenance of other regulatory ecosystem services like global climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. An increase in temperature would accelerate the mineralization of soil organic carbon. However, the properties of organic carbon remained in soil after mineralization is not well known.

Materials and methods

Mollisol was collected at 0–20-cm depth from maize (Zea mays L.) field in Northeast China. A 180-day incubation experiment was conducted at three different temperatures (10, 30, and 50 °C) under constant soil moisture (60 % water holding capacity). Soil samples were assayed for total organic carbon (TOC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), humic fractions carbon, aggregate-associated carbon, and water stability of aggregates. Elemental analysis and solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to characterize humic acid and humin fractions.

Results and discussion

The contents of soil TOC, EOC, humic fractions carbon, and aggregate-associated carbon decreased with the increase in temperature. The proportion of 2–0.25-mm macroaggregate and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates also decreased. The C, H, N, S, alkyl C, and O-alkyl C contents of humic acid and humin decreased, whereas the O, aromatic C, and carbonyl C contents increased. The H/C, aliphatic C/aromatic C, and O-alkyl C/aromatic C ratios in humic acid and humin fractions decreased.

Conclusions

The increase in temperature has a negative impact on soil organic carbon content, soil aggregation, and aggregate stability. Moreover, humic acid and humin molecules become less aliphatic and more decomposed with the increase in temperature.

     

环境放射性核素~(137)Cs和~(210)Pb_(ex)的田间原位测定研究

原位现场γ谱仪具有快速准确监测土壤中环境放射性核素137Cs和210Pbex的潜力,可以解决传统环境放射性核素示踪土壤侵蚀在选择参考点和测定时间过长问题。本研究应用现场γ谱仪(ISOCS,In-situObject Counting System),对内蒙古锡林浩特草原土壤中137Cs和210Pbex的含量进行了田间原位(不采样)测定,并与室内γ谱仪测定结果进行了比对。结果显示:现场γ谱仪的探头离地面1m,采用90度准直器,测量时间保证3600s以上时,测定的土壤中137Cs面积浓度与室内测定结果一致,二者的平均偏差为8%,表明现场γ谱仪测定具有较高精度,是快速评价土壤侵蚀速率的有效技术;210Pbex的原位测定结果显著高于室内测定结果,可能由于测定时间较短所致。初步研究结果表明:原位测定具有时间短、精度高的优点,可以克服传统采样造成的空间变异误差。     

北京密云石匣小流域水土保持措施对土壤侵蚀的影响研究

水土保持措施的实施可有效地控制土壤侵蚀 ,不同的水土保持措施存在不同的水土保持效益值。利用北京密云石匣共 2 0个坡面径流试验小区的野外观测资料 ,分析得出了北京石匣小流域不同水土保持措施下的水土保持效益值 ,其中免耕 (玉米 )为 0 .2 80 ,梯田 (玉米 )为 0 .142 ,人工草地为 0 .0 6 3,荒草地为 0 .0 45 ,水平条林地为0 .0 2 5 ,鱼鳞坑林地为 0 .0 19。人工草地、荒草地、水平条林地和鱼鳞坑林地有显著的水土保持效益 ,但它们之间的水土保持效益并无显著差别。坡耕地 (16 .8°)的年均侵蚀模数为 145 3.8t/ km2 ,远大于土壤自然形成速度和北方石质山区的允许土壤流失量。其研究结果可为土壤侵蚀模型预报、水土保持规划、环境治理和评估提供依据     

Robust two-stage approach to repeated measurements analysis of chronic ozone exposure in rats

A robust two-stage approach is used to reanalyze the repeated measurements from an experiment of airway responsiveness in rats randomized to long-term exposure at four ozone doses. The concentration-response data generated for each rat may be represented as a hierarchical nonlinear model encompasing the sources of variation within and between individual profile for each rat, the conditional modeling approach can assess the adequacy of an assumed mean model, a fundamental advantage not intrinsic to marginal techniques. The two-stage population inference is based on the estimated individual parameters, thus maintaining an intuitive appeal to the toxicologists who traditionally have fitted a separate curve for each animal and then applied ANOVA to the summary statistics. However, we formally adjust the standard errors for the extra variability due to the initial estimation of the individual parameters and also allow for their within-rat correlation. The robust two-stage method appropriately down weights the a berrant responses arising sporadically within individualsand, more importantly, the rats which may be outlying relative to the usual population variation. The true effect of chronic ozone exposure, including a significant gender interaction, may be masked by a few rats which exert undue influence on the population estimates in a nonrobust analysis.     

基于组分区分的南方红壤丘陵土壤呼吸对植被类型转换的响应

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要环节之一。长时期的水土保持生态建设导致南方红壤丘陵区植被类型转换非常普遍。探讨植被转换对土壤呼吸及其关键组分的影响,不仅对深入了解土壤呼吸与碳循环的内在机制有着重要的理论价值,还可以为科学评价水土保持生态建设在应对气候变化方面的作用提供科学依据。依托江西水土保持生态科技园对侵蚀退化裸地及其恢复承建后的百喜草地、柑橘果园和湿地松人工林进行了一年尺度的土壤呼吸速率监测。结果表明,土壤呼吸速率月变化呈夏高冬低的曲线模式,最大值出现在8月份或9月份,最小值出现在1月份,植被转换没有改变土壤呼吸的季节变化模式。土壤呼吸速率的季节变化主要受浅层土壤温度的控制,与土壤含水率没有显著关系,5 cm深度土壤温度能解释总呼吸速率和异养呼吸速率季节变异的83.3%和86.0%。随着植被类型由裸地向草地、果园和林地转换,土壤呼吸的温度敏感性系数Q10值由1.86增大到2.20、2.72和2.75,即土壤呼吸对土壤温度的变化越来越敏感。异养呼吸占土壤总呼吸的比例呈现出单峰曲线模式,平均达到72.3%,且随土壤呼吸速率的增大而增大。南方红壤丘陵区侵蚀裸地向人工草地、果园和湿地松人工林转换的过程中土壤呼吸速率有所增强,草地与裸地之间土壤总呼吸速率存在显著性差异,草地与裸地、草地与林地之间土壤异养呼吸速率差异显著。在区域或生态系统尺度上,植被类型是土壤呼吸的重要影响因子。     

新平冰糖橙果园营养水平与产量、品质状况系统分析

为全面了解云南省新平县冰糖橙果园营养与产量、品质水平现状,并为冰糖橙优质丰产栽培施肥技术提供理论依据,选择新平县主产冰糖橙乡镇22个典型果园,采集果实、春梢叶片和土壤等样品各105份,对果实内在品质指标和所有样品的矿质营养元素含量进行了系统检测分析,揭示新平冰糖橙产量、品质水平及其与营养状况的关系。结果表明,新平冰糖橙果园土壤大多为酸性红壤,pH值平均为5.73;土壤整体较为贫瘠,有机质缺乏占52%;土壤碱解N缺乏占96%,有效P、速效K含量缺乏和过量并存。叶片P、Zn、Mg含量普遍缺乏,其比例分别达95%、93%、60%,而叶片Cu、Mn、Fe和N含量过高,过量比例分别为93%、63%、51%和36%。新平冰糖橙果园整体产量低、品质较差,株产平均为23.1 kg,果实可食率为59.96%,可溶性固形物(TSS)、可滴定酸(TA)和Vc含量分别为10.13%、0.49%和40 mg·100 mL~(-1),有较大提升空间。每生产1 t冰糖橙果实所需的N、P_2O_5、K_2O分别为2.63～3.15、0.88～1.05、4.38～5.25 kg。土壤、叶片养分含量与产量、品质指标的相关性分析表明,土壤碱解氮含量与产量显著正相关,与Vc含量极显著正相关;土壤速效钾含量与TSS含量极显著正相关;叶片N含量与TSS含量呈显著负相关;叶片Mg含量与TSS含量,叶片Ca含量与果皮厚度,叶片Zn含量与TSS、Vc含量均呈极显著正相关。综上所述,新平冰糖橙果实品质低、果园间差异大,土壤与树体养分波动性较大,叶片缺Zn而Cu过量普遍,部分果园缺Mg而N过量,多数果园为酸性红壤导致养分易流失而贫瘠。因此,施肥管理上建议适当增加施肥次数,缓效氮肥代替速效氮肥,重视有机肥深施,针对性施用中微肥,尤其是Mg和Zn营养补充,为新平冰糖橙提质增效施肥管理提供理论依据与技术支持。