Ellagic acid attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury by alleviating autophagy

AIM:To investigate whether ellagic acid (EA) attenuates hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) by down-regulating autophagy. METHODS:In vivo, Sprague-Dawley rats (n=17) were randomly divided into 3 groups:5 rats for sham group, 6 rats for HIE group and 6 rats for HIE+EA pretreatment group. The rats in HIE+EA pretreatment group were treated with EA (10 mg/kg, 10 mL/kg, suspended in corn oil, ig). After 24 h of operation, the rats from each group were sacrificed and their brains were collected. TTC staining and HE staining were used to define the infarct areas and brain structure. The autophagy-related proteins beclin-1, P62, LC3-Ⅱ/-I and Atg5 in the cortex in each group were compared by Western blot. In vitro, PC12 cells were divided into 3 groups:control group, CoCl₂ group and CoCl₂+EA pretreatment group. CoCl₂ at 800 μmol/L was added to the PC12 cells to induce an anoxic environment. The PC12 cells were pretreated with EA at 8 μmol/L and the cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. The production of reactive oxidative species (ROS) in the cells was detected by flow cytometry with DCFH-DA staining. MDC staining and TMRE staining were applied to reflect the extent of autophagy and the state of apoptosis, respectively. The autophagy-related proteins in PC12 cells were also investigated. RESULTS:In HIE group, 7-day-old rats were given the operations and the their large infarct areas in the hemisphere were observed by TTC staining. HE staining displayed the injured hemispheres which contained few neurons, and exhibited edema status and serious structural damage. EA pretreatment decreased the infarct area and alleviated the damage to hemisphere with more visible neurons, compared with HIE group. Compared with sham group, the levels of autophagy-related proteins Atg5, beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ/-I in the cortex were increased (P<0.01), and P62 protein expression was decreased (P<0.01) in HIE group. Compared with HIE group, the protein expression of Atg5, beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ/-I was decreased (P<0.01) and P62 protein expression was increased in HIE+EA pretreatment group (P<0.01). In vitro, compared with CoCl₂ group, the PC12 cells in CoCl₂+EA pretreatment group showed a lower ROS level. Moreover, the cells in CoCl₂+EA pretreatment group exhibited higher mitochondrial membrane potential than that in CoCl₂ group. MDC staining in CoCl₂ group showed high value of fluorescence and increased number of autophagosomes. EA pretreatment reduced the number of autophagosomes and the extent of autophagy to protect PC12 cells. Furthermore, the protein levels of Atg5, beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ/-I in CoCl₂ group were higher (P<0.01), and the protein expression of P62 was lower (P<0.01) than those in control group. In CoCl₂+EA pretreatment group, the protein levels of Atg5, beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ/-I were decreased (P<0.01) and the protein expression of P62 was increased as compared with CoCl₂ group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION:EA pretreatment attenuates autophagy to protect the neurons against HIE injury.     

华南荔枝园土壤 pH状况及荔枝生长适宜的土壤 pH

针对我国土壤酸化普遍、华南土壤酸性较强的问题，研究华南荔枝园土壤 pH状况，并进一步探讨荔枝生长最适 pH，为荔枝园土壤 pH改良的程度和范围提供理论依据和数据支持。采集华南荔枝主产区 458个荔枝园土壤样本，研究比较主产区土壤 pH状况。另外，采集华南典型荔枝园赤红壤(pH 4.20)，以不添加改良剂为对照，添加硫磺(0.5g·kg -1)和不同用量石灰(0.5、1、2、4g·kg -1)调节土壤pH，形成6个土壤 pH处理，进行 120 d土壤培养和 300 d荔枝盆栽试验，研究土壤 pH对土壤性质及荔枝生长的影响。华南荔枝园土壤 pH在3.85～ 7.82之间，平均为 4.64，整体为酸性，其中以广西荔枝园土壤总体酸性最强。强酸性、酸性、弱酸性、中性和弱碱性荔枝园分别占45.7%、48.0%、5.0%、1.1%和0.2%。培养试验表明，土壤 pH在 3.84～ 8.03范围内，碱解氮、速效钾、有效镁含量及脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤 pH呈显著负相关，有效磷、钙和铜与 pH为显著正相关，有效锌、铁和锰与 pH关系不密切。盆栽试验显示，施用 1 g·kg -1石灰处理荔枝叶片光合作用强，不同时期叶片数、叶面积、茎粗均不同程度高于其他处理，收获时生物量增量及增幅也显著高于其他处理。初步认为荔枝生长适宜的土壤 pH为 5.03。如土壤 pH ≤ 4.64或 ≥ 6.46，荔枝生长显著变差。如以 pH为 5.03作为最适宜的土壤 pH来初步衡量，则华南有 62.0%的荔枝园土壤 pH可能显著抑制荔枝生长，pH需提高平均 0.68个单位。这表明华南荔枝园土壤 pH改良任务十分迫切。     

环状RNA及其在生殖发育中的研究进展

环状RNA（circular RNA，circ-RNA）是一类由初始转录RNA反向剪接，形成的闭合环状RNA分子，广泛存在于真核细胞中。因不受RNA外切酶切割，所以稳定存在时间长。主要通过海绵吸附作用竞争性结合miRNA调节基因表达。circ-RNA分子鉴定及其生理调控作用成为近几年生命科学领域的研究热点，本文从circ-RNA的生成过程、在早期胚胎发育调控以及配子发育过程中的数量和作用等方面进行了综述。     

Endozoochorous seed dispersal by golden snub-nosed monkeys in a temperate forest

Seed dispersal is essential for plant recruitment and the maintenance of biodiversity. Colobine monkeys are primarily folivorous, but they also consume fruits and are often assumed to be seed predators. Although they are known to be epizoochorous seed dispersers, their role as endozoochorous seed dispersers needs reassessment. We examined potential endozoochory in golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) at Dalongtan in Shennongjia National Park, central China, by assessing potential germination of ingested seeds (n = 1806, 9 species) from fecal samples. Intact seeds were in almost all fecal samples (ranging from 5–130 seeds), and ingested seeds were from small seeded species (seed width <4.5 mm). The 2 most abundant species were Actinidia arguta (73%) and Rosa caudata (15%). The fruits of A. arguta were unripe when ingested (i.e. effective seed predation) and the ingested seeds did not germinate in the trials. Therefore, ingestion of unripe seeds does not lead to effective seed dispersal. However, germination rates of defecated R. caudata (9%) were greater than control seeds (6% and 0%), demonstrating potential endozoochorous seed dispersal. Thus, colobine monkeys do indeed disperse mainly small-seeded from multi-seeded fruits through potential endozoochory and this process enhances the recruitment of seedlings.     

68个大豆品种(系)遗传多样性分析

为保持大豆杂种优势利用中亲本的遗传差异,利用64对SSR引物对68个大豆品种(系)包括53个中国品种(系)和15个美国品种进行遗传多样性与亲缘关系分析。结果表明,共检测到375个等位基因变异,平均每个位点检测到的等位变异数为5.86个,变化范围为2～12个,其中53个中国品种(系)检测到373个等位基因变异,平均为5.83个,变化范围为2～12个,15个美国品种检测到288个等位基因变异,平均为4.50个,变化范围为2～9个;总的位点多态性信息含量(PIC)变化范围为0.366～0.900,平均为0.677,其中53个中国品种(系)变化范围为0.370～0.909,平均为0.682,15个美国品种变化范围为0.309～0.817,平均为0.590。聚类分析表明:68个大豆品种(系)的遗传相似系数(GS)变幅为0.529～0.973,平均GS值0.707,在相似系数0.65处,可将供试的品种(系)聚为2大类,第Ⅱ类在相似系数0.69处又可分为5个亚类。     

萌芽杉木幼龄林植物群落特征

  目的  探索森林恢复方式，改善杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata林林分结构及维护生物多样性，对杉木人工林可持续经营和森林恢复活动具有理论和实践价值。  方法  2017年10月选择浙江省杭州市临安区昔口村二代萌芽杉木幼龄林为研究对象，对其植物群落特征进行实地调查。  结果  昔口村杉木萌芽幼龄林植物种类共104种，其中乔木层植物14种，灌木层植物58种，草本层植物41种，优势植被构成杉木-蓬蘽Rubus hirsutus-蕨Pteridium aquilinum群落；物种丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数均为灌木层>草本层>乔木层；林下植被除部分优势种长势较好，多数植物种类数量较少且分布较稀疏。  结论  在改善森林生态系统物种、结构、资源利用方面的异质性时，要考虑当地农户和社区的需求，选择当地乡土阔叶树种、适生阔叶树种进行补植，形成混交林，并辅以科学的抚育措施。     

辣椒HD-Zip基因家族鉴定、系统进化及表达分析

【目的】鉴定辣椒HD-Zip基因家族,并利用生物信息学方法系统分析其在基因组中的分布、基因结构、进化分化特征及在不同组织中的时空表达特异性,解析该家族的进化特征及生物学功能。【方法】根据已报道及PlantTFDB数据库中的拟南芥HD-Zip序列,利用本地BLAST工具在我国辣椒测序品种‘遵辣1号’基因组中比对,并利用Pfam、SMART工具进一步验证。采用EMBOSS Programs、MEGA、GSDS、MEME、MCScanX、OrthoMCL、Circos等软件预测辣椒HD-Zip基因家族成员蛋白理化性质,构建系统进化树,定位染色体,分析基因结构、基因复制类型及直系、旁系同源基因。基于GEO数据库,运用R软件、本地perl语言及Cytoscape分析辣椒HD-Zip组织表达差异并绘制共表达网络。【结果】本研究在‘遵辣1号’基因组中鉴定获得42条辣椒HD-Zip,命名为CaHDZ01—CaHDZ42。CaHDZs长度跨度较大,70% CaHDZ蛋白的pI小于7.0。除CaHDZ42,其余基因不均匀地分布在12条染色体上,部分基因为片段复制。该基因家族可分为4个亚族,分别含有18、9、5、10个HD-Zip,基因结构及蛋白结构域差别显著。辣椒、番茄和拟南芥3个物种中的直系同源基因对数目大体相同,但同为茄科的辣椒和番茄之间的稍多;辣椒中的旁系同源基因少于番茄和拟南芥,说明辣椒基因组的倍增事件并没有使CaHDZs明显扩增。对无油樟、水稻、玉米、番茄、马铃薯、辣椒‘CM334’、辣椒‘Zunla-1’、毛果杨、葡萄以及拟南芥9个代表物种的HD-Zip进化特征分析结果表明,从被子植物开始,HD-Zip基因家族就稳定存在4个亚族。推测在形成4个亚族前,HD-Zip分为两组,其中一组分化成I和II亚族,而另一组则分化成为III和IV亚族。CaHDZs在根、茎、叶、花芽、花和果实不同发育时期的表达模式分析结果显示,4个亚族具有不同程度的表达趋势。其中I亚族基因在辣椒不同组织中的表达量均较高,且不同成员间表达模式不同,CaHDZ22在茎中的表达最高,表明该基因可能对辣椒茎的生长有重要作用。II、III和IV亚族基因在不同组织中的表达量相对较低,但部分基因在特定组织中具有较大的表达量。如CaHDZ34在辣椒果实成熟后期具有较大高的表达量,CaHDZ02和CaHDZ28在果实膨大时表达较高,CaHDZ04在果实成熟前期具有较高的表达量。CaHDZs表达网络中有33对基因表达趋势的相关系数（PCC）大于0.8,6对大于0.9,表明CaHDZs协同调控了辣椒的生长发育,不同亚族之间也具有协同性。【结论】在‘遵辣1号’基因组中鉴定获得42条CaHDZs,可分为4个亚族,不同亚族的基因结构、蛋白保守结构域及表达模式不同。在进化过程中,辣椒HD-Zip保守性高,数目没有明显扩增,I和II亚族、III和IV亚族关系更近。CaHDZs具有组织表达差异性,协同调控了辣椒的生长发育。     

不同微喷弥雾调控方式下微气候因子对极端干旱区葡萄果实生长及糖度的影响

通过对极端干旱区葡萄在不同微喷弥雾调控方式（WP1,架上喷水1 h;WP2，架下喷水1 h；WP3，地上喷水1 h）下微气候因子与葡萄果实生长形态及糖度的监测，分析葡萄园微气候因子变化规律及其与葡萄果实生长形态和糖度的关系。结果显示：采用微喷弥雾调控可有效降低葡萄园温度和增加湿度，与CK处理（常规滴灌，不喷水）相比，白天平均温度低2.9℃~3.3℃，平均温度低2.5℃~2.9℃，夜晚平均湿度高4.7%~5.5%，同时可促进葡萄果实生长和糖度累积，WP1、WP2和WP3与CK处理相比，果粒纵茎高出2.88、1.76、0.9 mm，果粒横茎高出1.33、1.80、1.76 mm，果粒均重高出0.22、0.26、0.25 g，糖度分别高出7.75%、3.96%和5.53%。在葡萄果实生长发育过程中，白天平均温度和平均温度是影响葡萄纵径和横径的关键微气候因子，晚上平均湿度是影响葡萄果实重量和糖度的关键微气候因子，在白天平均温度为30.4℃~33.8℃、晚上平均湿度为49.5%~50.5%时接近葡萄果实纵径、横径和果粒均重拟合值最大值。根据其相互关系和建立的回归模型，得出可以用白天平均温度、平均温度和晚上平均湿度对该地区葡萄生长和糖度变化进行分析和预测。     

3％吡氟酰草胺颗粒剂防除水稻移栽田阔叶杂草田间药效试验

为了明确防除水稻移栽田阔叶杂草的有效药剂,研究3%吡氟酰草胺颗粒剂对水稻移栽田阔叶杂草的防除效果及对水稻的安全性。水稻移栽前1 d在田块均匀撒施药剂,药后20、40 d对水稻的生长和阔叶杂草的防效进行调查。结果表明,3%吡氟酰草胺颗粒剂能有效防除丁香蓼(Ludwigia prostrata)、鸭舌草(Monochoria vaginalis)、鳢肠(Eclipta prostrata)等一年生阔叶杂草,施药后对杂草生长的抑制作用明显,对水稻安全,推荐施用3%吡氟酰草胺颗粒剂用药量135～225 g (a.i.)/hm~2。     

日光温室冬瓜一年两茬有机生态无土栽培

西北非耕地日光温室冬瓜一年两茬有机生态无土栽培，所产冬瓜色泽鲜艳、果形整齐，
风味纯正，质量和品质好，在元旦、春节和“五一”上市，供应淡季蔬菜市场，增加了农
民经济效益，每667 m^２产值可达4 万元以上。