太湖地区水稻土的发生分类

太湖地区是太湖流域之泛称,包括西起莫干山、北止茅山、南达钱塘江、北到长江右岸的广大地区。在行政上分辖于两省一市(江苏、浙江省与上海市)。除西部与西北部有低山丘陵屏障外,主要是由三角洲形成的平原,故地形平坦开阔,河川纵横,平原上间有残丘兀立,并有众多湖泊,水土资源条件均比较优越。共有土地面积近3万平方公里,其中低山丘陵占20.8%,水面积占20.5%,平原好区占58.7%,可概括为二山二水六分田。     

基于图像处理与人工神经网络的小麦颗粒外观品质评价方法

综合利用计算机视觉、图像处理、人工神经网络技术，实现小麦品质评价自动化。通过比较不同背景，发现在黑色毛面纸板背景下，使用数码像机获得容易处理的小麦图像。应用分水岭算法自主开发了图像分割处理软件，分割小麦图像并识别提取出完整的小麦颗粒，针对每个小麦颗粒，计算了其12个形态学特征、12个色泽参数等图像特征参数。利用所提取的24个小麦图像特征参数，采用人工神经网络BP算法建立起小麦粒径外观品质评价模型，并应用于小麦的品质识别，取得了良好的试验结果。多次建模运算证明，该方法具有较好的稳定性，对小麦粒径外观品质评价的平均识别准确率可达93%。     

Ecdysteroids of quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a hardy and nutritious Latin American pseudo-cereal. Studies on the seeds led to the isolation of five ecdysteroids using column chromatography. Their structures were determined as ecdysterone, makisterone A, 24-epi-makisterone A, 24(28)-dehydromakisterone A, and 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone by spectroscopic methods. This study demonstrates that quinoa seeds are a source of ecdysteroids, which were reported to be molting hormones in insects.     

Evidence of N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emission and gaseous nitrogen losses through nitrification-denitrification induced by rice plants (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

A greenhouse experiment was conducted with a specially designed apparatus consisting of an upper and lower chamber where the treatment with rice was carried out (treatment 1). The apparatus also had a single chamber where treatment 2, without rice plants, was carried out. The scope of this study was to elucidate the influence of rice plant growth on gaseous N losses as N₂ and N₂O produced by nitrification-denitrification in a flooded soil fertilized with (NH₄)₂SO₄ (with 56.50 atom% ¹⁵N). Gas samples were withdrawn weekly and analyzed for (N₂ + N₂O)-¹⁵N losses by mass spectrometer and for N₂O by gas chromatograph. The gaseous (N₂ + N₂O)-¹⁵N losses of the treatment with rice plants were significantly (P =0.01) higher than those of the treatment without rice plants, as were the amounts of N₂O emitted. Rice plants facilitate the efflux of N₂ and N₂O from soil to atmosphere, as about half of the total gaseous ¹⁵N loss as N₂ and N₂O was found in the upper chamber. The proportion of N₂O-¹⁵N to (N₂ + N₂O)-¹⁵N in the upper chamber was 10.56%, much higher than that of the lower chamber in treatment 1 and the headspace of treatment 2.     

Genetic diversity of winter wheat in Shaanxi province, China, and other common wheat germplasm pools

Cultivated Chinese wheat germplasm has been a valuable genetic resourcein international plant breeding. Landraces endemic to China are a geneticresource that is distinct from other wheat germplasm. Patterns of geneticdiversity among cultivated Chinese accessions and relationship to othergermplasm pools are unknown, despite the proven value and potential novelty. Theobjective of this work was to determine the level of genetic diversity withinimproved Chinese germplasm in the context of several other wheat germplasmpools. We analyzed a set of improved accessions cultivated from the 1940s to the1990s in Shaanxi province, China, using six simple sequence repeat (SSR) primerpairs and 30 restriction fragment length polymorphism - probe enzymecombinations (RFLP-PEC) previously used to characterize 21 geographically basedgermplasm pools. Shaanxi germplasm consists of three groups based on foreignintroductions from Italy, Australia, Denmark, and Russia. There was a decreasein genetic diversity among Shaanxi accessions cultivated in the 1970s and 1980sto the 1990s, and accession classifications based on primary decade ofcultivation were found to be significantly undifferentiated. The analysis of themean genetic distance among 22 geographically based pools of germplasm suggestsseveral regions are significantly undifferentiated. A vast majority of the totalamount of variation was found within pools; therefore, pools appear to belargely differentiated based on small differences in band relative frequency andfew if any unique bands. Previous studies have identified some Chinese landracepools as morphologically and genetically unique. The Shaanxi pool does not havethe same unique morphological or genetic features, nor is it more similar to thelandrace pools than other improved germplasm pools.     

模拟自然降雨条件下植物根系增强边坡土体抗剪强度特征

该研究以位于青藏高原东北部黄土区的西宁盆地作为试验区,采用柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)、霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon(Bunge)Maxim.)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)、细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum(Linn.)Gaertn.)的单播种植,以及柠条锦鸡儿分别与细茎冰草、垂穗披碱草混播种植等2种方式,开展了原位模拟降雨试验并采用直接剪切试验,系统分析了模拟降雨试验前后试验区边坡表层以下3个不同位置处复合体抗剪强度大小及其随深度变化规律。结果表明:模拟降雨试验前,由柠条锦鸡儿与细茎冰草、垂穗披碱草混播的边坡a层(0~20 cm)根-土复合体黏聚力分别为19.5、18.9 k Pa,均较相同条件下单播边坡a层复合体黏聚力大;混播种植边坡各层根-土复合体黏聚力均较模拟降雨试验后裸坡a层土体黏聚力大,其中柠条锦鸡儿与细茎冰草混播边坡、垂穗披碱草混播边坡模拟降雨试验后,a层复合体黏聚力分别较裸坡a层黏聚力的增幅为30.65%~56.45%;柠条锦鸡儿、霸王、垂穗披碱草、细茎冰草单播边坡b层复合体黏聚力增幅为4.17%~38.89%;柠条锦鸡儿分别与细茎冰草、垂穗披碱草混播边坡b层黏聚力增幅为29.17%~34.72%;边坡c层土体黏聚力增幅相对不及a层、b层显著,反映了草本起到浅层加筋作用,灌木则起到深部锚固作用。     

贵州习水国家级自然保护区森林土壤理化性状研究

在贵州习水国家级自然保护区内,根据不同的森林植被分布状况及相应海拔高度设置了13个具有代表性的标准调查样地,分别采集土壤测定其理化性状,结果表明:(1)自然保护区森林土壤容重为1.07～2.06g/cm3;土壤总孔隙度为34.9%～83.4%;森林土壤的最大蓄水量为1479.00 t.hm-2～5517.00 t.hm-2;土壤的平均初渗速率和稳渗速率分别为9.05mm.min-1和3.32mm.min-1。(2)自然保护区森林土壤主要为酸性土壤,pH值在3.72～5.97之间变动;土壤有机质的含量为74.83g/kg;土壤全N和有效N分别为2.01g/kg和215.09mg/kg;土壤的全P含量为0.33g/kg;土壤速效磷含量在1.10～84.92mg/kg之间波动,平均含量为8.02mg/kg;土壤的全K和有效K含量分别为11.81g/kg和64.37mg/kg。(3)习水自然保护区所分布的森林植被类型在改良其森林土壤的物理特性,提高土壤的贮水能力,丰富土壤有机质及其N、P、K的含量,增强和维护土壤肥力等方面都具有较显著的生态功能。     

杨树新无性系苗期叶面形态指标测试

通过在黑龙江省牡丹江市4个地点,对杨树14个品种的苗期叶面8项性状指标进行测试,综合评价试验结果[1]表明:单株叶面积以中M为最大,中H、LC、LB、01号杨次之;单株叶重以中M为最重,LC、中H、01、LB号杨次之;不同品种间单株叶面积、单株叶重、单叶面积等8项指标均存在显著差异,而且地点×品种交互作用差异也极显著。     

鹤岗矿业集团林业处森林经营方案的编制

根据鹤岗地域上的类似性和差异性,确定"十二五"期间该市在林业管理上的经营方针和目标。