The metabolism of DDT in vivo by the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Male and female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were given intraperitoneal injections of [¹⁴C]DDT in ethanol at a rate of 13.4 mg/kg body wt. Fifty-six days later the tissues and droppings were analysed for total ¹⁴C and metabolites. The rate of loss of ¹⁴C in droppings was very similar in males and females. The maximal rate was reached on the third day, and 65–66% of the injected dose was voided by the fifty-sixth day. Ninety-three to ninety-four percent of the ¹⁴C in droppings and 83–90% of the ¹⁴C in tissues were extracted by solvents. Combined extracts from males and females were used for determination of DDT and its metabolites. Expressing all results as percentages of injected dose, the following were isolated from droppings: DDA (24%), DDT (3%), DDD (5.1%), DDE (11%), and uncharacterised polar metabolites (17%). Twenty-five percent of the dose was retained in the tissues and this was largely accounted for as DDT (10.4%) and DDE (10.5%). Of the total metabolites found 31% was DDE (almost equally divided between tissues and droppings) and 35% was DDA (almost entirely in droppings). Since DDD was not found in significant quantities in tissues, the substantial quantities in droppings were probably produced from DDT by the action of microorganisms.     

Abortion rate and mortality among exotic pregnant heifers imported to the Gezira in the central region of the Sudan

Despite the intensive management and husbandry precautions, exotic pregnant heifers imported to the Gezira, Sudan, suffered excessive stress. Four of five heifers aborted due to stress. Death was due to pasteurellosis, babesiosis and heart water.     

Radiographic Estimation of Pregnancy in Goats

Contents: The onset and progression of goat fetal skeletal radio opacity were studied to identify the stage of pregnancy and the number of fetuses present. Lateral radiographs using 75 KVP, 200 Ma, 0.25 s and 100 FFD was found to be good values for detection of pregnancy in goats. Lengths taken for skull, femur and vertebral column of the fetus were used as a parameter for determination of the stage of pregnancy. Counting the number of fetal skulls were used for estimating the number of fetuses present. Accurate radiological diagnosis of pregnancy in goat was possible after 10 weeks of gestation .
Inhalt: Radiographische Bestimmung der Trächtigkeit bei der Ziege
Der Beginn und die Weiterentwicktung fötater Skelettbildung wurde radiologisch bestimmt, um das Stadium der Trächtigkeit und die Zahl der Föten zu ermitteln. Laterale Röntgenbilder wurden mit 75 KVP, 200 Ma., 0,25 Sek. und 100 FFD ermittelt, wobei sich diese Einstellung als günstig für die Trächtigkeitserkennung bei Ziegen erwies. Die Ermittlung der Schädellänge, des Femurs und des Rückenmarks beim Fötus wurden als Parameter für die Bestimmung des Trächtigkeitsstadiums benutzt. Die Zahl der Fötalschädel ergab die Zahl der Föten. Genaue radiologische Diagnose der Trächtigkeit bei Ziegen war ab etwa 10 Wochen der Trächtigkeit möglich .     

Virulence, cytotoxic and inflammatory activities of Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from cultivated salmonid fish in Sweden

Extracellular products in culture filtrates of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes and Vibrio anguillarum isolated from infected fish have been shown to possess skin inflammatory factor. The extracellular products from Vibrio anguillarum were cytotoxic in HeLa and CHO cells. In addition to the skin lesions, the culture filtrates of V. anguillarum caused necrotic reaction on the rabbit skin. Five of 6 strains of V. anguillarum were lethal to mice after intraperitoneal administration of 3×10⁷ CFU. Only 1 strain of 5 A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes produced extracellular products which elicited cytotoxic effects in the CHO cells. None of the A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes strains were lethal to mice. The cytotoxins were inactivated when heated at 65°C for 30 min. The results indicate that the thermolabile exotoxins are non-enterotoxic since they failed to stimulate fluid accumulation in the rabbit ileal loop and did not cause elongation of the CHO cells. The rounding off of CHO cells, as well as of HeLa cells indicate that the exotoxins may play an important role in fish diseases.     

Arteria maxillaris of the donkey (Equus asinus)

Gross anatomical examination of the organization of the maxillary artery was carried out in 10 formalin embalmed, latex injected adult donkeys. The results indicate that although there are variations from other domestic animals, the distribution of this artery in the donkey is similar to that of the horse.