Oral administration of L-citrulline changes the concentrations of plasma hormones and biochemical profile in heat-exposed broilers

We examined the effects of oral administration of L-citrulline (L-Cit) on plasma metabolic hormones and biochemical profile in broilers. Food intake, water intake, and body temperature were also analyzed. After dual oral administration (20 mmol/head/administration) of L-Cit, broilers were exposed to a high ambient temperature (HT; 30 ± 1°C) chamber for 120 min. Oral administration of L-Cit reduced (p < .001) rectal temperature in broilers. Food intake was increased (p < .05) by heat stress, but it was reduced (p < .05) by L-Cit. Plasma levels of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, which initially increased (p < .0001) due to heat stress, were reduced (p < .01) by oral administration of L-Cit. Plasma insulin levels were increased by heat exposure (p < .01) and oral L-Cit (p < .05). Heat stress caused a decline (p < .05) in plasma thyroxine. Plasma lactic acid (p < .05) and non-esterified fatty acids (p < .01) were increased in L-Cit-treated heat-exposed broilers. In conclusion, our results suggest that oral L-Cit can modulate plasma concentrations of major metabolic hormones and reduces food intake in broilers.     

The effects of maxillary nerve block,ethmoidal nerve block and their combination on cardiopulmonary responses to nasal stimulation in anesthetized Beagle dogs

ObjectiveTo describe an approach for ethmoidal nerve block (E_BLOCK) and to compare the effects of a maxillary nerve block (M_BLOCK), E_BLOCK and their combination (M-E_BLOCK) on heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), mean (MAP), diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures and respiratory rate (f_R) during nasal stimulation in dogs.Study designProspective, blinded, randomized, crossover placebo-controlled study.AnimalsBeagle dogs (five cadavers, nine live dogs), with a median (interquartile range) weight of 10.5 (10.3–11.0) kg.MethodsThe accuracy of iohexol injections (each 1 mL) at the maxillary and ethmoidal foramina in cadavers was evaluated using computed tomography. Then, anesthetized dogs were administered four bilateral treatments separated by 1 week, saline or 2% lidocaine 1 mL per injection: injections of saline at the maxillary and ethmoidal foramina (Control), injections of lidocaine at the maxillary foramina and saline at the ethmoidal foramina (M_BLOCK), injections of saline at the maxillary foramina and lidocaine at the ethmoidal foramina (E_BLOCK) and injections of lidocaine at all foramina (M-E_BLOCK). The ventral nasal meatus was bilaterally stimulated using cotton swabs, and HR, SAP, MAP, DAP and f_R were continuously recorded. Values for each variable were compared before and after stimulation using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Changes in variables among treatments were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests (p ≤ 0.05).ResultsComputed tomography revealed iohexol distribution around the openings of the target foramina in all cadavers. In living dogs, HR, SAP, MAP, DAP and f_R significantly increased after stimulation within each treatment (p < 0.03). Physiologic responses were significantly attenuated, but not absent, in the M-E_BLOCK [HR (p = 0.019), SAP, MAP, DAP and f_R (all p ≤ 0.001)] compared with those in the Control.Conclusions and clinical relevanceConcurrent injections of lidocaine at the maxillary and ethmoidal foramina attenuated HR, arterial pressure and f_R responses to nasal stimulation in Beagle dogs.     

乳酸菌噬菌体的分离及生物学特性鉴定

为了解乳酸菌噬菌体的生物学特性,并为制定乳酸菌发酵生产过程中噬菌体污染的防控措施提供试验数据和参考,本研究通过斑点试验和双层琼脂平板法,以干酪乳杆菌（L. casei） ATCC 393、戊糖乳杆菌（L. pentosus） KLDS 1.0413、短小乳杆菌（L. brevis） ATCC 367为指示菌从乳制品、泡菜样品中分离乳酸菌噬菌体,通过透射电镜观察噬菌体形态,噬菌体基因组限制性内切酶作用分析其包装机制,并进行宿主范围和一步生长曲线的测定,SDS-PAGE分析噬菌体结构蛋白,对获得的噬菌体进行生物学特性鉴定。结果显示,分离获得3株烈性乳酸菌噬菌体,依次命名为Lc、Lpen和Lbre。电镜结果显示,噬菌体Lc、Lpen均由多面体头部和非收缩性尾部组成,而噬菌体Lbre由多面体头部和收缩性尾部组成。根据形态学分析,Lc和Lpen属于长尾噬菌体科（Siphoviridae）,B1类,Lbre属于肌尾噬菌体科（Myoviridae）,A1类。噬菌体基因组经限制性内切酶作用后,核酸电泳结果显示,噬菌体Lc、Lpen基因组均为异质平末端,其包装机制属满头包装,即pac-型,而Lbre含有黏性末端,其包装机制属于cos-型。宿主范围测定结果显示,噬菌体Lc、Lbre对宿主专一,而Lpen宿主谱较广。一步生长曲线显示,噬菌体Lc、Lpen和Lbre潜伏期分别为60、45和150 min,裂解期分别为45、90和105 min,裂解量分别为47、24和30 PFU/cell。SDS-PAGE分析显示,噬菌体Lc结构蛋白有7个,主要结构蛋白分子质量约为50 ku;噬菌体Lpen和Lbre结构蛋白均有5个,主要结构蛋白分子质量分别约为55和50 ku。综上,本研究分离获得3株乳酸菌烈性噬菌体,并对其主要生物学特性进行鉴定,对了解乳酸菌噬菌体及后续乳酸菌噬菌体污染的防治提供了试验数据和理论依据。     

一种时间阈值自动调整的测频方法设计与实现

由于多周期同步频率测量方法对测频率在低频段的范围有一定限制,提出了一种时间阈值自动调整的改进型多周期同步频率测量方法。当被测频率超出低频段测量范围时,该方法通过有规律地延长时间阈值,拓展了在低频段被测频率的范围。结合MSP430单片机丰富的硬件资源,解决了测频模块硬件实现中的频率范围超出判断、时间阈值自动延长等关键问题,提出了合理的解决方案,并对其进行了软硬件设计。经实验测试,该方法实现了频率的测量,并拓展了低频段频率测量的范围。     

纵轴流式小区小麦育种联合收获机原理方案设计

为获得一种适宜我国现代农业推广与发展的小区小麦育种机械设计方案,运用现代设计理论对拟研发的小区小麦育种联合收获机进行原理方案设计。从系统的功能出发,通过形态学矩阵法确定收获机的4个优设计方案,并依据定性与定量分析结果选定了最佳设计方案。     

新型山药收获机下支撑支架的设计与分析

山药收获机下支撑支架是根据主旋转支撑装置的离地高度和开沟深度设计的,在实际作业过程中,链刀切削阻力、螺旋刀切割阻力、输送机构支撑力、油缸的推拉力最终都由下支撑支架承载,作用力较为复杂,容易发生变形和断裂;且链刀切入土壤产生的振动、链节和链轮齿的啮合会给链传动带来工作的不平稳性和有规律的振动,可能会引起共振。为此,在进行山药收获机工作装置设计时,首先采用有限元方法对下支撑支架进行静力学分析,并在静力学分析的基础之上对其进行预应力模态分析,以评估设计的合理性,对结构进行优化。     

胡萝卜自动分级机机械装置的研制

机械装置结合计算机视觉技术可以对胡萝卜等细长型蔬果进行自动分级。为此,设计了胡萝卜自动分级机的机械装置部分,主要由双级匀果装置、链条辊轮输送装置和直线电机打果装置3部分组成。匀果装置通过带有隔板的交错格输送带和差速带对胡萝卜进行初次和二次匀果,实现精确单果输送;辊轮输送装置推动单个胡萝卜自转进入计算机视觉系统的CCD相机视场,可获得胡萝卜全面的形状特性,使其分级精确;直线电机打果装置接收到胡萝卜等级决策信号后将胡萝卜按不同等级经U型导管推入包装箱,推果平稳、快捷,伤果率低。     

Effects of water‐misting sprays with forced ventilation on post mortem glycolysis,AMP‐activated protein kinase and meat quality of broilers after transport during summer

Effects of water‐misting sprays with forced ventilation on post mortem glycolysis, adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and meat quality of broilers after transport during summer were investigated in the present paper. A total of 105 mixed‐sex Arbor Acres broilers were divided into three treatment groups: (i) 45 min transport without rest (T); (ii) 45 min transport with 1 h rest (TR); and (iii) 45 min transport with 15 min water‐misting sprays with forced ventilation and 45 min rest (TWFR). Each treatment consisted of five replicates with seven birds each. The results indicated that the water‐misting sprays with forced ventilation could mitigate the stress caused by transport under high temperature conditions during summer, which reduced the energy depletion in post mortem Pectoralis major (PM) muscle. This resulted in a higher energy status compared to the T group, which would decrease the expression of phosphorylation of AMPK (p‐AMPK). Furthermore, decreased the expression of p‐AMPK then slowed down the rate of glycolysis in post mortem PM muscle during the early post mortem period, which in turn lessened the negative effects caused by transport on meat quality. In conclusion, water‐misting sprays with forced ventilation may be a better method to control the incidence of the pale, soft and exudative meat in broilers.     

不同浓度赤霉素和双氧水对刺茄种子萌发的影响

刺茄种子在常规条件下很难萌发。为寻找促进刺茄种子萌发的试剂,试验以不同浓度的赤霉素(0~1 000mg/L)和双氧水(0%~3.0%)溶液处理刺茄种子,观察记录每天的发芽数,并从种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数3个指标探讨赤霉素和双氧水对种子萌发的影响。结果表明:双氧水和低浓度赤霉素(0~400mg/L)对刺茄种子的萌发没有影响,而高浓度赤霉素(600~1 000mg/L)能显著提高种子萌发。