几种土壤结构改良剂的制备及其效用

近年来不少地区土壤中有机质减少,土壤结构状态变劣,成为生产上极需解决的问题。改良土壤结构,除多施有机肥料^[3,4],种植牧草等措施外,施用以天然的有机物及无机物制备的,或人工合成的高分子有机化合物,也是很有效的办法^[1]。本文介绍了几种土壤结构改良剂的研制及其效应,初步证明施用土壤结构改良剂能有效地增加土壤中团粒结构,改善作物生长条件,有利于提高产量。     

阴离子对加入到土壤中的铅吸附与提取的影响

The effect of accompanying anions on the adsorbability and extractability of Pb added in soils was studied by using bach equilibria and incubation-extraction mothods.Pb concentration ranged between 0.48-2.41 mM in the adsorption experiment,and Pb added to soil from 2.14 to 19.31mM Pb/kg with an incubation time of 2-16 weeks in the incubation-extraction test in which 1M NH4OAc(pH 7) was taken as an extraction agent,and the Pb compounds used are PbCl2,Pb(NO3)2 and Pb(OAc)2.The values of pH50 for Pb retention and the parameters,b and k values,of Langmuir equation were used to distinguish the difference of adsorbability and extractability of Pb affected by anions,respectively.Judging from the results of either pH50 value or b value,the influences of Cl^- and NO3^- on the adsorbability and extractability of Pb in soils were similar but quite different from those of OAc^-.The relative loading capacities of soils to Pb calculated according to the extraction rate showed that the values of Pb(OAc)2 were higher than those of PbCl2 and Pb(NO3)2.     

Very low vitamin C activity of orally administered L-dehydroascorbic acid.

The biological activity of L-dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), which is easily formed from L-ascorbic acid (ASC) during storage and cooking processes, has been considered to be equivalent to that of ASC on the basis of studies made several decades ago, when a specific method to determine ASC was not available. The nutritional activity of orally ingested DHA has now been evaluated by comparing ASC concentrations in 12 tissues of rats administered four different doses of ASC. Determinations were made by using the specific and sensitive method, which had been developed by us. Here it is shown that the efficiency of DHA was almost 10% of that of ASC on a molar basis, based on animal experiments using the inherently scorbutic ODS rat, which is a convenient human model animal to investigate the metabolism of vitamin C. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that it is necessary to reevaluate the nutritional requirement of vitamin C based on both ASC and DHA contents of foods.     

北京市郊农业生态环境的工程对策研究

农业生态环境的保护是农业生产获得持续发展的重要基础条件之一。在调查研究北京市郊农业生产和农业废弃物基本情况基础上,针对主要农业废弃物给生态环境造成的影响与危害,分析研究了将其进行处理、利用的各种可操作性工程对策,以期不断改善京郊的农业生态环境,推动农业持续发展。     

小麦种子发芽率近红外定量分析模型的优化

The backward interval partial least squares (BiPLS) and the synergy interval partial least squares (SiPLS) were applied to select the characteristic spectral regions representing the germination rate of 84 wheat seeds and build the near infrared (NIR) quantitative analysis model of wheat seed germination rate.Results from comparison showed that the models built by two variable selection methods had better predictive ability than full-spectral partial least squares(PLS) model.The optimal model was obtained by SiPLS with the calibration and prediction correlation coefficient(R) at 0.902 and 0.967 respectively, and ratio of performance to standard deviate (RPD) at 3.75.Based on this, the physical chemistry significance of characteristic spectral regions was analyzed.The characteristic spectral of wheat seed germination rate contained characteristic peaks of water, protein, starch, fiber, which were the internal nutrients of the seed that influence the germination ability, thus explaining the mechanism of measuring wheat seed germination rate using NIR to a certain extent.     

瓦斯浓度红外检测噪声消除方法研究

将数学方法与实验方法相结合,通过测量信号和参考信号的比值,消除由于光源的不稳定及其他因素引起的检测误差、外界环境引起的误差等,并利用数学方法推导得到计算方程。实验结果验证此类方法的可行性,可有效消除井下复杂恶劣环境带来的一系列噪声干扰,包括检测系统固有的性能误差和外部环境引起的干扰误差。     

红豆杉扦插育苗试验研究

对红豆杉扦插育苗进行了多年试验研究,试验结果：采用黄壤土50％＋细黄沙50％为扦插基质,插穗浸泡使用浓度为100mg／L的ABT1号生根促进剂,秋季进行扦插,扦插成活率可达80％以上。扦插环境的温度、湿度和基质的保水透气性是影响扦插成活率的重要因素。     

3种植物源药剂对天幕毛虫的毒力测定

为了有效、持续地控制天幕毛虫对林木的危害,并尽量避免害虫防治时破坏生态环境,试验采用低毒无公害的植物源药剂对其3龄幼虫进行室内毒力测定,结果表明：木烟碱5 000倍液的毒杀作用效果最好,校正死亡率可以达到97.73%,而木烟碱的10 000倍液1、5 000倍液、20 000倍液的效果次之,校正死亡率分别是95.45%、86.36%、90.91%;苦参碱的4个浓度的药剂的防治效果不明显,校正死亡率分别是20.45%、47.72%、47.72%、43.17%：豚草效果最差,校正死亡率仅为20.44%、15.9%、40.9%、40.9%。     

日本落叶松EST-SSR标记开发及二代优树遗传多样性分析

利用SSR标记研究选自第1代育种试验林、拟纳入二代育种群体的264株日本落叶松二代优树的遗传变异情况。利用1620条落叶松EST序列进行EST-SSR标记的开发,共发现58条序列中含有67个SSR位点,占全部EST序列的3.58%。获得7个多态性EST-SSR标记,其中5个在朝鲜落叶松、长白落叶松、兴安落叶松和华北落叶松中均可扩增出预期目标片段,且具有多态性,表明这些标记在落叶松属内的通用性良好。利用6个EST-SSR标记和4个gSSR标记对日本落叶松二代优树群体开展遗传多样性分析,每个位点的平均等位基因数为4.6个,有效等位基因平均数为3.1个。群体观察和期望杂合度均值分别为0.5902和0.5702;Nei's基因多样度和Shannon多样性指数分别为0.5691和1.0966;全部单株间遗传相似系数0.1725～0.9667。说明该二代优树群体的遗传多样性较高,具有构建二代育种群体的潜力。     

木瓜属植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性(DUS)测试指南的研制

遵循国际植物新品种保护联盟及我国的相关规定,分析木瓜属植物品种的性状变异规律及其稳定性和相关性(DUS),探讨标准品种和测试性状的选择。筛选31个测试性状和12个标准品种用于新品种DUS测试;其中,质量性状10个、数量性状6个、假质量性状15个,*号性状24个、非*号性状7个,每个性状的表达状态给以相应的代码。*号性状主要有株型、花色、花径、重瓣性、果实形状及果皮皱缩状况等。提出木瓜属植物新品种的特异性、一致性、稳定性判别标准。