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101.
Forrest W. Nutter Jr Paul D. Esker Rosalee A. Coelho Netto 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2006,115(1):95-103
New concepts in phytopathometry continue to emerge, such as the evolution of the concept of pathogen intensity versus the
well-established concept of disease intensity. The concept of pathogen severity, defined as the quantitative measurement of
the amount of pathogen per sampling unit has also emerged in response to the now commonplace development of quantitative molecular
detection tools. Although the concept of disease severity, i.e., the amount of disease per sampling unit, is a well-established
concept, the accuracy and precision of visual estimates of disease severity is often questioned. This article will review
disease assessment concepts, as well as the methods and assessment aides currently available to improve the accuracy and precision
of visually-based disease severity data. The accuracy and precision of visual disease severity assessments can be improved
by quantitatively measuring and comparing the accuracy and precision of rates and/or assessment methods using linear regression,
by using computer-based disease assessment training programmes, and by developing and using diagrammatic keys (standard area
diagrams). 相似文献
102.
This paper focuses on understanding human impact on landscape. Both ecological and human practices are analysed as interacting
processes. An agent-based model integrating biological and historical knowledge is used to analyse the pattern of Scots Pine
encroachment in a French Mediterranean upland. In the STIPA model, pine trees are autonomous agents and a cellular automaton
simulates land-use. We test the effects of shifting cultivation on tree establishment at the landscape scale. This allows
us to understand how agropastoral practices patterned this area from the 17th to 19th century: simulations show the importance
of shifting cultivation in limiting woodland progression. Fallow duration linked to environmental heterogeneity is a significant
factor for explaining pine dynamics and landscape patterning at the scale of the study region. We put this result in perspective
with current rangeland management policies that often consider grazing as the most relevant tool for open landscape maintenance.
Our results also show the importance of taking into account time-scale effects when linking landscape patterns to agricultural
systems. 相似文献
103.
过去人们常认为,由于刚出壳雏鸡的免疫系统尚未发育成熟,同时肠道内缺乏有益的微生物,因而处于高度的敏感期,此时接种沙门氏菌苗产生的保护作用很有限。然而,最新的研究表明,在这些敏感期接种疫苗,可诱发产生保护作用。 相似文献
104.
Scaevola aemula is a popular ornamental crop cultivated as a bedding plant or for hanging baskets. We characterized gas exchange properties of S. aemula ‘New Wonder’ in response to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), carbon dioxide concentration, and leaf temperature. Net CO2 assimilation rate (A) was responsive to CO2, exhibiting a saturation when intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was greater than 600 μmol mol−1. Net CO2 assimilation rate and dark respiration rate (Rd) were 23.1 and 2.3 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively, at 25 °C and PAR = 1500 μmol m−2 s−1. Net CO2 assimilation rates were similar at leaf temperatures between 20 and 30 °C but significantly reduced at 15 °C. These gas exchange results were used to test the extendibility of a coupled gas exchange model previously developed for cut-roses. Utilizing the gas exchange data measured at 25 °C leaf temperature, several model parameters were independently determined for S. aemula. Model predictions were then compared with observations at different leaf temperatures. The model predicted the rates of net CO2 assimilation and transpiration of S. aemula reasonably well. Without additional calibration, the model was capable of predicting the temperature dependence of net CO2 assimilation and transpiration rates. Applying the model to predict the effects of supplemental lighting and CO2 enrichment on canopy photosynthesis and transpiration rates, we show that this model could be a useful tool for examining environmental control options for S. aemula production in the greenhouse. 相似文献
105.
Empirical relationships between land use/cover and estuarine condition in the Northeastern United States 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wilfrid Rodriguez Peter V. August Yeqiao Wang John F. Paul Arthur Gold Norman Rubinstein 《Landscape Ecology》2007,22(3):403-417
Land–water interactions were examined in three regions in the Virginian Biogeographic Province; the southern shore of Cape
Cod, Massachusetts; the Hudson/Raritan region of New York; and the eastern shore of the Delmarva (Delaware/Maryland/Virginia)
Peninsula. Cumulative distribution functions were used to evaluate similarity in environmental condition among estuaries.
Spatial-setting variables (location in a river, coastal lagoon, or in open waters) were associated with variation for some
measures of estuarine condition. Patterns of coastal urban and agriculture gradients were measured and their relationship
with indicators of estuarine condition was modeled statistically. When estuaries were pooled, the highest variation explained
by spatial-setting variables was found for dissolved oxygen (DO, R
2 = 0.44) and salinity (R
2 = 0.58), with DO decreasing in river locations and salinity decreasing with rainfall and sampling locations near rivers.
The explanatory power for the other indicator variables was low and varied from 6% to 27%. Rainfall explained some of the
variation (R
2 = 0.23) in total suspended solids. Moderate (0.4 < | r | < 0.7) to strong (| r | ≥ 0.7) linear associations were found between total urban area and measures of estuarine condition. Within regions, total
urban area was positively associated with Silver (r = 0.59), Cadmium (r = 0.65), and Mercury (r = 0.47) in Cape Cod, and inversely related to DO (r = −0.65) in the Hudson/Raritan region. No associations were found in the Delmarva Peninsula study area. Total area of agriculture
showed a moderate association with Arsenic in Cape Cod, but no other associations were found in the other two regions. Our
analyses show a measurable impact of urban land use on coastal ecosystem condition over large areas of the northeastern United
States. This pattern was most evident when many different landscapes were considered simultaneously. The relationship between
urban development and estuarine condition were weaker within the individual regions studied. The use of land use/cover models
for predicting estuarine condition is a challenging task that warrants enhancements in the type, quantity, and quality of
data to improve our ability to discern relationships between anthropogenic activities on land and the condition of coastal
environments. 相似文献
106.
Paul Nicholson 《Plant pathology》2007,56(6):1037-1037
107.
Debra K. Baird DVM John T. Hathcock DVM MS Steven A. Kincaid DVM MS PhD Paul F. Rumph DVM MS John Kammermann MS William R. Widmer DVM MS Denise Visco PhD Donald Sweet MD 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1998,39(3):167-173
Six healthy adult male mongrel dogs underwent cranial cruciate ligament transection in the left stifle. Survey radiography of both stifles and low-field (0.064 T) MRI of the left stifle were performed preoperatively and at 2, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Focal changes in signal intensity were seen with MRI in the subchondral bone of the medial tibial condyle at 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively. At 12 weeks postoperative, a cyst-like lesion was detected using MRI in the subchondral bone of the medial tibial condyle in 4 of 6 dogs and a less defined lesion at this site in the remaining 2 dogs. The cyst-like lesion was spherical in shape and showed typical characteristics of fluid with low signal intensity on T1-weighted images, high signal intensity on T2-weighted images and high signal intensity on inversion recovery images. The lesion was seen in the subchondral bone of the caudal medial and/or middle region of the tibial plateau slightly cranial to the insertion of the caudal cruciate ligament. No subchondral cysts were seen in the tibia on radiographs. Histopathologically, the tibia was characterized by a loose myxomatous phase of early subchondral cyst formation. 相似文献
108.
Paul Y. Barthez DVM William J. Hornof DVM MS Larry D. Cowgill DVM PhD Larry A. Neal BS Paul Mickel 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1998,39(5):470-474
The scintigraphically measured percentage dose uptake of 99m Tc-DTPA by the kidneys and the plasma clearance of 99m Tc-DTPA have been reported to correlate well with inulin clearance. These two parameters were evaluated in seven dogs with known or suspected naturally occurring renal disease and compared to simultaneously measured renal inulin clearance. Correlation between inulin clearance and the 99m Tc-DTPA plasma clearance was better ( p =.0016) than the correlation between the percentage DTPA uptake by the kidney. It was concluded that measurement of 99m Tc-DTPA plasma clearance is a more accurate method to estimate global glomerular filtration rate (GFR) than the percentage kidney uptake. 相似文献
109.
During a period of immobilization of nitrate-15N and mineralization of organic N in a sandy-loam, changes were recorded in: (a) the concentration of an added carbon source, glucose-14C: (b) evolution of 14CO2: (c) bacterial populations; (d) distribution and concentration of newly-synthesized, acid-soluble, amino acid-15N; and (e) distribution and activities of several oxidative and hydrolytic enzyme systems.Added glucose-14C was rapidly metabolized by the soil microflora. After 1.5 day's incubation, when only 3.6 per cent of the added glucose was present, 68 per cent of the 14C remained in the soil-microbial system. During this period there was a marked increase in viable bacterial numbers and an almost complete immobilization of nitrate-15N. On continued incubation, microbial metabolites were oxidized at decreasing rates, the more rapid phase corresponding to a period of net decline in the viable bacterial population.Soil was fractionated by a relatively mild procedure into components containing: (a) extractable proteins; (b) extractable amino acids and peptides; (c) particulate material containing microbial cells, cell debris and material bound to larger soil particles; and (d) microbial metabolites mainly bound to soil colloids. Although the total, acid-soluble, amino acid-15N remained relatively constant for about 50 days, there were marked changes in their concentration in different fractions, especially in the extracts and in the fraction containing fine colloidal material. However, the relatively large decline in labelled, acid-soluble, amino acid-15N occurred during the active phase of oxidation of microbial metabolites when little net mineralization of labelled compounds occurred.Increases in enzymic activities generally coincided with increased viable bacterial populations although there were some exceptions, notably casein and benzoyl arginine amide-hydrolysing enzymes. The stabilities of the newly-formed enzymes varied markedly. The greatest relative changes in activity occurred with the casein-hydrolysing enzymes. Their activity reached a maximal value after the main flush of bacterial growth, was short-lived and was to a large extent extractable. The formation and disappearance of this extracellular proteolytic activity coincided approximately with that of a secondary peak of extractable, newly-synthesized, protein-15N. In general however, changes in enzymic activity could not be identified with changes of protein-15N concentrations of the different fractions. 相似文献
110.
A GIS-based plant prediction model for wetland ecosystems 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
An existing non-spatial model for the prediction of response of wetland plant species on ecological factors has been transformed into a GIS-based prediction model which produces spatial output at the landscape scale. The input, spatial patterns of the ecological factors, were constructed with geostatistical spatial interpolation (kriging). With this GIS-based model the spatial patterns of presence and absence of 78 wetland plant species are predicted for an area with wetlands in the Netherlands of approximately 500 square kilometers. The GIS-based model has been validated, and the estimated uncertainty of the input has been propagated through the model. At the species level the output shows spatially coherent and non-random patterns. The validation is affected by the propagation of input errors through the model. The number of valid predictions declines approximately 10–20% when 95% confidence intervals are used in the validation. This study shows that it is feasible to use a geostatistical interpolation method to construct spatial patterns of ecological factors on a landscape scale and to use these patterns as input for a GIS-based prediction model. The added uncertainty on the input values however, affects the number of valid predictions of the model. 相似文献