Der Nitratgehalt von Gemüsen in Abhängigkeit von Pflanzenart und einigen Umweltfaktoren

Zusammenfassung Zur Prüfung der für die menschliche Ernährung wichtigen Frage des in gesundheitlicher Beziehung nicht ganz unbedenklichen Nitratgehaltes von Gemüse wurden an der Bundesanstalt für Qualitätsforschung in Geisenheim/Rheingau umfangreiche Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Nitratbestimmungen ergaben verschieden hohe Gehalte je nach botanisch-systematischer Zugehörigkeit der einzelnen Gemüsearten. Typische Nitratspeicherer unter den häufiger genossenen Gemüsepflanzen sind der Spinat, die Rote Rübe und die Kohlarten. Die einzelnen Pflanzenorgane führten Nitrat in unter-schiedlicher Höhe.Einen entscheidenden Einfluß auf die Menge des gespeicherten Nitrats hat die Art und Höhe der Stickstoffdüngung. Verabfolgung von Jauche führte, ebenso wie Salpeterdüngung zu höheren Nitratgehalten als eine Düngung mit ammoniumhaltigen Mineraldüngern. Je höher die Stickstoffgaben waren, desto höher stieg im allgemeinen auch der Nitratgehalt des untersuchten Pflanzenmaterials. Auch die Lichtintensität erwies sich als mitbestimmender Faktor auf die Höhe des Nitratgehaltes, wie Klimakammerversuche bei abgestufter künstlicher Beleuchtung mit Spinat zeigten (hohe Licht-Intensität = niedriger, geringe L.I. = hoher Nitratgehalt). Standortversuche, ebenfalls mit Spinat, an klimatisch differenten Orten ergaben, daß die Nitratgehalte bei sonnigen warmen Witterungsbedingungen (Geisenheim/Rhein) niedrig, bei kühlen niederschlagsreichen, also lichtärmeren (Kiel), hoch waren.Mit diesem im Nitratgehalt unterschiedlichen Spinat wurden (nach Dosenkonservierung) Ernährungsversuche mit Säuglingen in der Universitätskinderklinik Kiel (Direktor: Prof. Dr. med.W. Catel) durch Dr. med.W. Kübler durchgeführt, die in seiner nachfolgenden Arbeit beschrieben werden (16).

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Summary Experiments have been carried out at the Bundesanstalt für Qualitätsforschung pflanzlicher Erzeugnisse in Geisenheim/Rhine on vegetables to determine the amount of nitrates, to be looked upon as somewhat detrimental for human health. Determinations of nitrate showed contents, different according to systematic relationships of vegetables. Those vegetables, as spinach, beet roots, cabbages and kale are typical plants storing nitrates. Plant organs differ in the amount of nitrates stored.Nitrogen-fertilizers influence the amount of accumulated nitrates depending on N-fertilizers and amount of Nitrogen. Liquid manure and nitrate supply gave rise to higher contents of nitrate as ammoniac fertilizers.The higher the amount of nitrogen, the higher raised the contents of nitrate in plant material investigated. Different light intensities, mesured in climate chambers, have been proved to be a determining factor regarding amount of nitrates in plants. High light intensity show low contents of nitrate, low one a high amount of NO₃. Environmental experiments with spinach on places, different in climatic conditions, resulted in contents of nitrates which were low when sunny warm weather conditions (Geisenheim/Rh.) prevailed and vice versa (Kiel).After canning, this spinach differing in nitrate-contents has been administered babies in nutritional trials by Dr. med.W. Kübler in the Univ. Klinik Kiel (Director Prof. Dr. med.W. Catel). The results are given in the following paper by Dr.Kübler (16).

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Mit 5 Tabellen und 2 Fig.

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Gemeinschaftsversuche der BAQ mit der Universitätskinderklinik Kiel (Direktor: Prof. Dr. med.W. Catel) vgl. auch S. 297.     

Insecticidal isosteres of DDT-pyrethroid structures

Several new series of insecticidally active oxime O-ethers are reported, and compared structurally and biologically with known oxime O-ether insecticides. These compounds can exist in two geometric forms. Biological results demonstrate that the configuration of the active isomer and the effect of substituents around the C-N double bond vary between series. A detailed structure-activity examination is presented.     

SNOMED representation of explanatory knowledge in veterinary clinical pathology

BACKGROUND: The Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) is an established standard nomenclature for the expression of human and veterinary medical concepts. Nomenclature standards ease sharing of medical information, create common points of understanding, and improve data aggregation and analysis. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine whether SNOMED adequately represented concepts relevant to veterinary clinical pathology. METHODS: Concepts were isolated from 3 different types of clinical pathology documents: 1) a textbook (Textbook), 2) the Results sections of industry pathology reports (Findings), and Discussion sections from industry pathology reports (Discussion). Concepts were matched (mapped) by 2 reviewers to semantically-equivalent SNOMED concepts. A quality score of 3 (good match), 2 (problem match), or 1 (no match) was recorded along with the SNOMED hierarchical location of each mapped concept. Results were analyzed using Cohen's Kappa statistic to assess reviewer agreement and chi-square tests to evaluate association between document type and quality score. RESULTS: The percentage of good matches was 48.3% for the Textbook, 45.4% for Findings, and 47.5% for Discussion documents, with no significant difference among documents. Of remaining concepts, 40% were partially expressed by SNOMED and 14% did not match. Mean reviewer agreement on quality score assignments was 76.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Although SNOMED representation of veterinary clinical pathology content was limited, missing and problem concepts were confined to a relatively small area of terminology. This limitation should be addressed in revisions of SNOMED to optimize SNOMED for veterinary clinical pathology applications.     

Congenital stationary night blindness in a Thoroughbred and a Paso Fino

This report documents congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) in two non-Appaloosa horse breeds (Thoroughbred and Paso Fino). History of vision impairment since birth, normal ocular structures on ophthalmic examination, and electroretinographic findings were consistent with CSNB. In one horse (Thoroughbred), a 9-year follow-up was carried out. In the Paso Fino, severe vision impairment from birth to approximately 1 year of age in both dim and bright light situations led to humane euthanasia and histopathologic confirmation of the disorder.     

Epidemiological investigations of bovine Chorioptes mange in Germany

Chorioptic mange in cattle has long been recognised as a common external parasitosis in livestock. In order to evaluate the economic importance of Chorioptes bovis-mange, the seasonal prevalence in several types of husbandry in the states of Germany, location of clinical skin symptoms, procedure of diagnosis, influence on milk or meat production, and treatment especially in dairy farming, 1190 German large animal practicioners have been asked by questionnaires from which 367 responded. This paper gives an update on important epidemiological investigations on bovine chorioptic mange due to this inquiry. Since more than one third of the questioned veterinarians see tail mange often, it is of high importance for farm cattle. Chorioptes mange mainly occurs in dairy cattle stocks, and has especially negative effects on milk production and meat productivity. For treatment of this external parasitosis mainly macrocyclic lactons and pyrethroids are used.     

Analgesic efficacy of preoperative administration of meloxicam or butorphanol in onychectomized cats

OBJECTIVE: To determine analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of preemptive administration of meloxicam or butorphanol in cats undergoing onychectomy or onychectomy and neutering. DESIGN: Randomized controlled study. ANIMALS: 64 female and 74 male cats that were 4 to 192 months old and weighed 1.09 to 705 kg (2.4 to 15.5 lb). PROCEDURE: Cats received meloxicam (0.3 mg/kg [0.14 mg/lb], s.c.) or butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg [0.18 mg/lb], s.c.) 15 minutes after premedication and prior to anesthesia. A single blinded observer measured physiologic variables, assigned analgesia and lameness scores, and withdrew blood samples for each cat at baseline and throughout the 24 hours after surgery. Rescue analgesia (butorphanol, 0.4 mg/kg, i.v. or s.c.) or administration of acepromazine (0.025 to 0.05 mg/kg [0.011 to 0.023 mg/lb], i.v.) was allowed. RESULTS: Meloxicam-treated cats were less lame and had lower pain scores. Cortisol concentration was higher at extubation and lower at 1, 5, and 12 hours in the meloxicam-treated cats. Fewer meloxicam-treated cats required rescue analgesia at 3, 5, 12, and 24 hours after extubation. General impression scores were excellent or good in 75% of meloxicam-treated cats and 44% of butorphanol-treated cats. There was no treatment effect on buccal bleeding time; PCV and BUN concentration decreased in both groups, and glucose concentration decreased in meloxicam-treated cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preoperative administration of meloxicam improved analgesia for 24 hours without clinically relevant adverse effects in cats that underwent onychectomy or onychectomy and neutering and provided safe, extended analgesia, compared with butorphanol.     

Toxicity, pathogenicity, and genetic differentiation of five species of fusarium from sorghum and millet

ABSTRACT Fusarium isolates recovered from sorghum and millet are commonly identified as F. moniliforme, but with the recognition of new species in this group, the strains given this name are being re-evaluated. We analyzed five strains each from five Fusarium species (F. andiyazi, F. nygamai, F. pseudonygamai, F. thapsinum, and F. verticillioides) often associated with sorghum and millet for their ability to produce fumonisin and moniliformin, their toxicity to ducklings, and their ability to cause disease on sorghum seedlings in vitro. These species can be distinguished with isozymes (fumarase, NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase) and with banding patterns resulting from amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Two species, F. pseudonygamai and F. thapsinum, produced high levels of moniliformin, but little or no fumonisins, and were consistently highly toxigenic in the duckling tests. Two species, F. verticillioides and F. nygamai, produced high levels of fumonisins, but little or no moniliformin, and also were toxigenic in the duckling tests. F. andiyazi produced little or no toxin and was the least toxigenic in the duckling tests. In sorghum seedling pathogenicity tests, F. thapsinum was the most virulent followed by F. andiyazi, then F. verticillioides, and finally F. nygamai and F. pseudonygamai, which were similar to each other. Thus, these five species, which would once have all been called F. moniliforme, differ sufficiently in terms of plant pathogenicity and toxin production profile, that their previous misidentification could explain inconsistencies in the literature and differences observed by researchers who thought they were all working with the same fungal species.