用13C脉冲标记方法研究施肥与地膜覆盖对玉米光合碳分配的影响

基于沈阳农业大学棕壤长期定位试验站不同施肥与地膜覆盖处理,采用原位¹³CO₂脉冲标记的方法示踪了¹³C在玉米-土壤系统中的转移与分配,探讨了施肥与地膜覆盖对玉米光合碳动态变化的影响。结果表明：玉米-土壤系统光合固定碳转移较快,且分配差异较大,其δ¹³C值在标记1 d表现为茎叶>根>根际土壤>土体,且同一施肥处理下传统栽培高于覆膜栽培。标记15 d玉米植株和根际土壤δ¹³C值降低,而土体δ¹³C值却略有升高。传统栽培不施肥处理对¹³C富集程度最大,其中茎叶和根δ¹³C值在标记1 d分别为1 568‰和598‰;标记15 d为178‰和147‰。玉米-土壤系统¹³C固定比例在标记1 d和15 d分别为64.01%和38.65%,且¹³C分配按茎叶、根、根际土壤、土体顺序依次降低。覆膜施有机肥处理显著提高了光合固定¹³C数量及¹³C在玉米和土壤中的分配比例,是促进¹³C同化与分配的主要方式。     

植物残体向土壤有机质转化过程及其稳定机制的研究进展

土壤有机质的数量和质量不仅是衡量土壤肥力状况的核心要素,其形成、转化及稳定过程还与全球气候变化密切相关。植物残体是土壤有机质的初始来源,但由于其腐解过程的复杂、多变性以及土壤有机质、微生物的高度异质性,植物残体向土壤有机质的转化和稳定机理尚不十分明确。本文介绍并讨论了近年来关于植物残体向土壤有机质转化相关研究的新发现,探讨了微生物源和植物源有机质对土壤有机质的贡献,概述了土壤有机质形成的微生物驱动机制,并综述了植物残体输入后土壤有机质稳定性的相关研究,最后对该研究领域未来的发展进行展望,以期能够为科学地提高土壤的固碳能力提供参考。     

秦仲(1～4号)繁殖技术研究

杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)为杜仲科杜仲属植物,不仅是名贵的中药材和提取天然橡胶的工业原料,也是一种重要的绿化和水土保持树种.张康健等(1997;1999;2001;2002)对杜仲次生代谢物的生态学、合成积累、个体发育特性和部位差异性等方面进行了系统研究,并以次生代谢物含量为首选指标,结合生长量和抗性指标等(张博勇等,2003;翟金兰等,2003),历时16年选育出了秦仲1～4号杜仲新品种,其次生代谢物(药用有效成分)含量高,生长快,尤其是秦仲1、2号的杜仲胶含量也高,经专家鉴定认为居国际领先水平.     

Long-term fertilization and plastic film mulching modify temporal incorporation of 13C/15N-labelled particulate organic matter

Plastic film mulching (PFM) is critical for agricultural planting and maximizing production in semiarid and arid areas. Particulate organic matter (POM) is assumed to be a sensitive indicator for evaluating the effects of different agricultural practices on soil fertility and the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. Soil aggregates have the function of ‘wrap’ and protect the POM stored in them. However, there is limited information regarding how PFM and fertilization jointly influence the dynamic changes of newly added stalk-derived POM in brown earth. Consequently, an in-depth study of the fate of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) derived from maize stalk residues within the particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) fractions in soil aggregates was undertaken. Its outcome would contribute to better predictions on the active organic matter components sequestered in the soil. The dynamics and accumulation of newly added maize stalk C and N as POC and PON in different soil aggregates (using the dry sieving method divided into >2, 1–2, 0.25–1 and <0.25 mm) were analysed by an in situ ¹³C/¹⁵N-tracing technique under PFM and different fertilization treatments. Over 360 days of cultivation, the POC and PON contents were significantly (p < 0.05) larger in the nitrogen (N) and organic manure (M) treatments than in the MN (manure combined with nitrogen) and Control treatments. The PFM treatment accelerated the decomposition of maize stalk C in the N fertilizer treatment, with an increase of 64% in stalk-derived POC after the 1-day cultivation period. Stalk-derived POM tended to accumulate in <0.25 mm microaggregates in the early cultivation period and then decreased rapidly with the extension of the cultivation period affected by PFM coupled with fertilization. However, stalk-derived POM accumulation in macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) fluctuated over the 360-day cultivation period. Accordingly, PFM application and fertilization practices had important effects on the accumulation of newly added stalk-derived POM in soil aggregates. We conclude that the accumulation of maize residue POM was primarily affected by soil fertilization type, rather than by the presence or absence of PFM. These results provide new insights into agricultural management strategies for improving soil carbon sequestration capacity.