Methods to reduce pathogen microorganisms in manure

Manure always contains microorganisms originating from faeces, bedding material, feed residues, etc. A small percentage of the enteric microorganisms are pathogens, some of them being obligate parasites so that they can no more multiply outside of their hosts. If these pathogen microorganisms gain access to other sensitive host, water or vegetation, there will be health risks for animals or human. Some microorganisms in manure can increase the risks for deterioration of fodder if manure should contaminate fodder and these microorganisms can be secreted into raw milk. In particular, the cheese industry can encounter difficulties from butyric acid producing clostridia present in manure.

The reduction and controlling of microorganisms can be done by microbiological, chemical or physical methods. The efficiency as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these methods will be discussed. Some methods may give other beneficial products, thus providing novel opportunities for new sources of farm income. All methods do require investments and have operational costs thus the selection becomes dependent f. i. how long animal breeding will be practised. Some methods fit better for seasonal or temporal use. The method selected depends also on the form of the manure as well as on the size of the animal unit.

The hygiene control claims of EU will be critically discussed.     

Diet and movements of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) in a large oligotrophic lake with an exceptionally high pikeperch yield

Through the recent increases in abundance, pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) has not only become a valuable target for recreational and commercial fishing, but also the most important top predator in many lakes. Generally oligotrophic Lake Höytiäinen (283 km²) sustains one of the most economically valuable pikeperch stocks in Finland, and its annual fisheries yield (up to 5.5 kg/ha) is exceptionally high among Finnish lakes. Here, we followed seasonal movements of fish using conventional tagging, and studied short‐term and long‐term diet of pikeperch by stomach content and stable isotope analyses to examine if the movements were motivated by prey availability. A clear seasonal migration pattern was observed: in summer, 80% of the tag recoveries were obtained from the shallow and mesotrophic northern and western areas, whereas in autumn and winter, the deep and oligotrophic southern area dominated in the recaptures. The diet of pikeperch consisted of the most abundant fish species in the lake, perch (Perca fluviatilis) and roach (Rutilus rutilus), as well as insects. Stable isotope analysis indicated a shift from a dominance of pelagic food sources to littoral food sources during the growing season of pikeperch. Our results suggest that the pikeperch migrations facilitate efficient material transfer from the mesotrophic part while the deeper and oligotrophic part offers a favourable overwintering environment.     

Consumption of juice fortified with oregano extract markedly increases excretion of phenolic acids but lacks short- and long-term effects on lipid peroxidation in healthy nonsmoking men

Oregano has been shown to possess antioxidant capacity in various in vitro models and has thus been suggested to be potentially beneficial to human health, but studies in humans are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the bioavailability and the effects of Origanum vulgare extract supplementation on serum lipids and lipid peroxidation in healthy nonsmoking men. A four-week double-blinded supplementation trial was concluded in which volunteers (n = 45) were randomized to consume daily mango-orange juice (placebo), mango-orange juice enriched with 300 mg/d total phenolic compounds from oregano extract, or mango-orange juice enriched with 600 mg/d total phenolic compounds from oregano extract. The excretion of phenolic compounds was markedly increased in the higher phenolic group as compared to the placebo group, but no significant changes were observed in the safety parameters, serum lipids, or biomarkers of lipid peroxidation.     

In situ remediation of metal(loid)-contaminated lake sediments with alkali-activated blast furnace slag granule amendment: A field experiment

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Adsorbent amendment to contaminated sediments is one in situ remediation method to decrease the bioaccessibility of pollutants from the sediments. In this work,...     

视频扫描测定油菜饼粕自由基清除活力方法的研究

用视频扫描平板色谱和稳定自由基1，1－二苯基－2－间三硝苯基偕腙肼（DPPH）检测油菜饼粕自由基清除活力的方法，研究抗坏血酸，维生素E，酚酸和类黄酮等17种常见酚类化合物对自由基的清除活力，发现自由基清除面积与样品量的相关系数为0．947－0．996，检测下限为40－690ng，以维生素E指数为清除活力指标，视频扫描法与常规标准比色法的测定结果具有良好的相关性，测定油菜饼粕提取液自由基清除活力发现，68－75％的化合物具有自由基清除能力，Rf值为0．41的化合物清除活力最高，占总活力的38％。     

Organisms,decomposition, and growth of pine seedlings in boreal forest soil affected by sod cutting and trenching

In an experiment with factorial design performed in a mature, mixed Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand in central Finland, we studied the effects of sod cutting (exposing the mineral soil simulating mechanical site preparation) and trenching the study plot (excluding root-mycorrhizal connections) on soil organisms, decomposition rate and pine seedling performance. During two growing seasons after sod cutting, the growth of pine seedlings was significantly enhanced compared to plots with the organic layer left intact. Some epiedaphic soil animals, such as ants, spiders and certain entomobryid collembolan, were more active (pitfall sampling) on sod-cut plots. By the end of the second growing season numbers of enchytraeids were greater in the exposed mineral soil than in the mineral soil under the forest floor. Trenching induced changes in microbial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) pattern and collembolan community structure with decreased numbers of collembolans and biomass of fungi in organic soil of uncut plots. In addition, N content of pine seedlings increased after trenching. Overall, the effects of trenching on the measured variables were similar in sod-cut and uncut plots. We conclude that the effects of mechanical site preparation on decomposers and decomposition processes can be explained partly by exclusion of mycorrhizal-root connections and partly by a decrease in unfavourable conditions created by the organic soil layer and ground vegetation.     

Evaluation of some North and South American potato breeding lines for resistance toPotato mop-top virus in Sweden

The necrotic symptoms (spraing) in tubers caused byPotato mop-top pomovirus (PMTV) have become a severe problem for potato production in Scandinavia. PMTV is transmitted by the powdery scab pathogen (Spongospora subterranea) and no methods for control are currently available. Two breeding lines (NY99 and NY103) from the Cornell University potato breeding program, twotuberosum ×acaule lines (TA3.8.3.3 and TA3.5.3.7) from the International Potato Center (CIP), and one line (IvP35) ofSolarium phureja were tested for resistance to PMTV in field trials in Sweden in 1998 and 1999. In both years, NY99 had a low incidence of PMTV infection in tubers, and the infected tubers showed a low accumulation of PMTV, indicating that NY99 is a promising new source of resistance to PMTV for breeding programs. Furthermore, it may be suitable for cultivation in Scandinavia, which, however, needs to be evaluated in more extensive field trials.