Historical influences dominate the composition of regenerating plant communities in abandoned citrus groves in north-central Florida

The question of what determines plant community composition is fundamental to the study of plant community ecology. We examined the relative roles of historical land use, landscape context, and the biophysical environment as determinants of plant community composition in regenerating citrus groves in north-central Florida. Results were interpreted in light of plant functional traits. Herbaceous and woody plants responded differently to broad-scale variables; herbs correlated most strongly with surrounding land cover at a scale of 8 km, while the only significant determinant of woody species distributions was local land use history. There were significant correlations between herbaceous species and spatial context, habitat isolation, environmental variables, and historical variables. Partial Mantel tests indicated that each variable provided a unique contribution in explaining some of the variation in the herbaceous dataset. The correlation between woody plants and local historical variables remained significant even with other effects corrected for. In the herbaceous community, species composition was linked to functional traits much as expected from classical theory. While spatial influences in our study system are important for both woody and herbaceous plants, the primary determinant of plant community composition in regenerating citrus groves is historical land use. Our results suggest that the fine-scale mechanisms of local competition, tolerance and facilitation invoked by many classical studies may ultimately be less important than land use history in understanding current plant community composition in regenerating agricultural areas.     

The concept of habitat specificity revisited

Habitat specificity indices reflect richness (α) and/or distinctiveness (β) components of diversity. The latter may be defined by α and γ (landscape) diversity in two alternative ways: multiplicatively () and additively (). We demonstrate that the original habitat specificity concept of Wagner and Edwards (Landscape Ecol 16:121–131, 2001) consists of three independent components: core habitat specificity (uniqueness of the species composition), patch area and patch species richness. We describe habitat specificity as a family of indices that may include either area or richness components, or none or both, and open for use of different types of mean in calculation of core habitat specificity. Core habitat specificity is a beta diversity measure: the effective number of completely distinct communities in the landscape. Habitat specificity weighted by species number is a gamma diversity measure: the effective number of species that a patch contributes to landscape richness. We compared 12 habitat specificity indices by theoretical reasoning and by use of field data (vascular plant species in SE Norwegian agricultural landscapes). Habitat specificity indices are strongly influenced by weights for patch area and patch species richness, and the relative contribution of rare vs. common species (type of mean). The relevance of properties emphasized by each habitat specificity index for evaluation of patches in a biodiversity context is discussed. Core habitat specificity is emphasized as an ecologically interpretable measure that specifically addresses patch uniqueness while habitat specificity weighted by species number combines species richness and species composition in ways relevant for conservation biological assessment. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

棉盛丰氨基酸叶面肥在棉花上的应用效果

为验证江苏省常州市盛丰科技发展有限公司生产的棉盛丰牌氨基酸叶面肥在棉花上应用的实际效果，并根据农业部《肥料登记管理办法》和《肥料肥效试验技术规程》的要求制定施肥方案，在大丰市土肥站的指导下，2008年落实了此试验。     

松树大田育苗与苗木生长调控技术的研究

本项研究在总结传统育苗的基础上，应用推广了苗木生长调控新技术，新老技术紧密结合配套使用，取得了松树大田育苗的良好效果。通过选择圃地、控制播种量、精耕细作、科学管理，并在苗木旺盛生长期的8月中旬进行切根、剪顶，有效地促进了苗木生长发育。结果表明，马尾松播种量45kg／hm2，培育苗木169．2万株，Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级合格苗出圊率时％，其中优质苗率达53．5％。苗木茎干粗壮、根系发达、菌根丰富，达到了大田优质苗的质量标准。     

计算法测量电阻应变原理的试验分析

介绍了计算法测量电阻应变的原理及试验，着重分析了试验结果，验证了测量原理．     

Bioaccumulation of cadmium and its biochemical effect on selected tissues of the catfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Clarias gariepinus</Emphasis>)

The present study examines the pattern of accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and its biochemical effects on selected tissues of a variety of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), after exposure to various doses of Cd. The results obtained indicate that at the end of 21 days of exposure, the total tissue organ cadmium concentration followed the pattern kidney > gill > liver > muscle for each of the exposure concentrations. The levels of Cd in these organs were higher than those in ambient water. Moreover, while the rate of uptake of Cd increased with time in the kidney, liver and muscle, it decreased in the gill. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly elevated only in the kidney of catfish treated with 0.2 and 0.4 ppm of Cd for 7 days compared with the control. Conversely, gill SOD was significantly decreased in the same concentrations of Cd-treated catfish relative to the control. Statistically similar levels of SOD were observed in the liver, brain and muscle with all the treatments after the same duration of treatment. In the fish exposed for 21 days, SOD activity was significantly decreased in the kidney with a corresponding increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), but it manifested only with the 0.2- and 0.4-ppm Cd treatment relative to the control. In the liver, however, Cd exposure significantly increased SOD in the 0.2- and 0.4-ppm treatments of the same duration. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the accumulation of Cd and its effect on SOD and LPO in C. gariepinus is dependent on concentration, tissue and time     

Induced thermotolerance and expression of heat shock protein 70 in sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   Thermal limits, induced thermotolerance and the expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in an echinoderm Apostichopus japonicus were studied. The sublethal and lethal temperatures for the juveniles were 30 and 34°C, respectively; a previous sublethal heat shock exposure (30°C, 2 h) could increase the survival rates of the sea cucumbers when they were exposed to 34°C. This induced thermotolerance could last for at least 2 days. Levels of Hsp70 increased substantially after sublethal heat shock exposure and linearly decreased with time. This result indicated that a close relationship existed between the induction of thermotolerance and the levels of Hsp70 in A. japonicus.     

桔梗单倍体染色体核型分析

首次分析了桔梗单倍体染色体核型，并与已报道的二倍体桔梗染色体核型分析资料进行比较，对它们的关系进行了初步探讨。它全由中部和近中部着丝点染色体组成，第6号染色体具随体，核型公式为K（n）=X=7m（1SAT）＋2sm属“1A”类型。     

雪腐格氏霉粗毒素导致小麦叶组织膜渗透性和超微结构的变化初报

 雪腐格氏霉[Gerlachia nivalis,异名:雪腐镰刀菌(Fusarium nivalis)]是引致小麦雪霉叶枯病的病原菌,国内外学者均有该菌能够产生毒素(Gn-毒素)的报告。本试验就该菌毒素对不同抗性小麦品种叶组织细胞膜渗透性和组织超微结构的影响进行了初步研究,为进一步研究该病菌的致病机理奠定了基础。     

不同种类纤维素酶对人工瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验瘤胃液来自3只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦阉公牛，体外人工瘤胃试验按不同纤维素酶的添加量分为6个组。分别是复合纤维素酶组（66．7、200、100mg／kg）和单一纤维素酶组（66．7、200、100mg／kg），人工瘤胃培养96h，测定产气量、瘤胃液PH值、干物质消失率、培养液中的NH3-N、TVFA产量及乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的产量，用以确定人工瘤胃内添加纤维素酶对瘤胃发酵的影响、试验结果表明：从产气量上看，复合纤维素酶100mg／kg组的产气量最大，96h时比对照组多产气23．7％（P〈0．05），产气量最小的是单一纤维素酶66．7mg／kg组，与对照组相比差异不显著（p〉0．05）：从pH值看．96h除复合纤维素酶3组比对照组低0．2，其余各组差异均不显著（P〉0.05））；96h复合纤维素酶100mg／kg组的干物质消失率比对照组高7．57％，其次是复合纤维素酶200mg／kg组比对照组高5．6％；NH3-N含量从0h～24h逐渐下降24h时最低，24h～96hNH3-N含量逐渐上升。12h～96h复合纤维素酶3组的NH3-N浓度在各组中均最高。分别比对照组高0．92、2．74、3、6、4．3mg／100ml，其余各组差异均不显著；96h，复合纤维素酶3的乙酸和TVFA含量最大．比对照组高7．62和9．16mmol／L（p〈0．05）结论：复合纤维素酶效果优于单一纤维素酶，其中复合纤维素酶100mg／kg组试验效果最好。