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91.
A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m3 h–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m3 h–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%. 相似文献
92.
A modern computer-based simulation tool (WaterMan) in the form of a game for on-farm water management was developed for application in training events for farmers, students, and irrigators. The WaterMan game utilizes an interactive framework, thereby allowing the user to develop scenarios and test alternatives in a convenient, risk-free environment. It includes a comprehensive soil water and salt balance calculation algorithm. It also employs heuristic capabilities for modeling all of the important aspects of on-farm water management, and to provide quantitative performance evaluations and practical water management advice to the trainees. Random events (both favorable and unfavorable) and different strategic decisions are included in the game for more realism and to provide an appropriate level of challenge according to player performance. Thus, the ability to anticipate the player skill level, and to reply with random events appropriate to the anticipated level, is provided by the heuristic capabilities used in the software. These heuristic features were developed based on a combination of two artificial intelligence approaches: (1) a pattern recognition approach and (2) reinforcement learning based on a Markov decision processes approach, specifically the Q-learning method. These two approaches were combined in a new way to account for the difference in the effect of actions taken by the player and action taken by the system in the game world. The reward function for the Q-learning method was modified to reflect the suggested classification of the WaterMan game as what is referred to as a partially competitive and partially cooperative game. 相似文献
93.
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95.
中国对虾育苗时间与温度的关系及其应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
根据多年的调研和试验资料,利用非线性积温模型,模拟了对虾幼体各发育阶段所需天数与水温的关系。在此基础上研究确定了亲虾产卵孵化期的气候决策模式;并应用模式计算出了我市亲虾产卵孵化的适宜时段。为亲虾适宜产卵孵化期的决策提供了科学方法。 相似文献
96.
Purpose
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have attracted a great deal of research interest for their potential environmental applications because of their unique properties. Adsorption of organic chemicals on CNMs was reported to be important in controlling their environmental risks. However, the kinetics of the adsorption is hardly investigated in literature. The objective of this work was, therefore, to quantitatively describe the sorption kinetics of 17 α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and bisphenol A (BPA) on CNMs as compared to activated carbon (AC). 相似文献97.
Ruijuan Li Jinfeng Zhao Chuanfan Sun Wenjing Lu Chengjin Guo Kai Xiao 《Frontiers of Agriculture in China》2010,4(2):195-209
As a kind of enzyme widely existing in eukaryotic species, especially in grains and oil seeds, phytases play an important
role in the degradation of some phosphates containing organic molecules. So far, phytases derived from various species have
been successfully used as animal feed additives. It has also been experimentally verified that phytases have a potential use
in generating crop germplasm with high phosphorus use efficiency, based on their biochemical role in releasing Pi from the
phytate and its derivatives. In this paper, the biochemical properties, molecular characterizations, functions and the potential
application perspective of phytases are reviewed and commented on, aiming at the further exploration of the biochemical and
molecular characterizations, and promotion of the application of phytases, a kind of important enzyme possessing potential
use in animal feeding and creation of high P use crop cultivars, in the future. 相似文献
98.
99.
Xing-Pu Li Su-Que Lan Ye-Lun Zhang Yu-Ping Liu 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2010,57(7):1007-1012
Pericarp color in wheat is an important trait related to nutrients and health benefits. Identification of molecular markers
closely linked to the grain color genes will help utilize pericarp trait in wheat breeding. Genetic studies involving F1, F2, and F3 populations from the cross Jizi 439 (purple grain)/Gao8901 (white grain) showed that the purple grain color was controlled
by two genes. By using the bulked segregant analysis (BSA) approach, two DNA pools were established from the dark purple-grain
and white-grain plants respectively. Among the 230 pairs of microsatellite primers used in this study, two markers showed
polymorphism in DNA pools, parents, F1 and F2 populations. Linkage analysis indicated that the two markers Xgwm47 and Xgwm155 were linked with two purple pigment genes. One of the purple pigment genes is located on chromosome 2AS and is 34.7cM away
from the marker Xgwm47, whereas another gene is mapped on 3AL with 14.7cM away from marker Xgwm155. 相似文献
100.