Die angewandte Entomologie im Dienste der österreichischen Landwirtschaft

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Anwendung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln und Bienenschutz

Zusammenfassung 1. Voraussetzung für die Beurteilung der Bienengefährlichkeit von Pflanzenschutzstoffen ist die Kenntnis der Giftwerte.2. Für die Kennzeichnung der Bienentoxizität chemischer Stoffe ist sowohl die Ermittlung der Magen- als auch der Kontaktgiftwirkung nötig.3. Für die wichtigsten Pflanzenschutzmittel und Wirkstoffe wurden die ED₅₀- Werte sowohl für perorale Aufnahme als auch für Kontaktgiftwirkung ermittelt und angegeben.4. Es wird vorgeschlagen, als Kriterium für die Bienengefährlichkeit von Pflanzenschutzmitteln den Gefahrensummenindex zu verwenden, in dem die Aufwandmengen des Stoffes, die per os - Wirkung und die Kontaktgiftwirkung berücksichtigt erscheinen.5. Weiter wird vorgeschlagen, folgende dreiteilige Differenzierung der Pflanzenschutzmittel hinsichtlich ihrer Bienengefährlichkeit vorzunehmen:Bienengefährliche Stoffe mit einer Dezimierung von mindestens 5% der Flugbienen,minder bienengefährliche Stoffe mit einer Dezimierung von mindestens 1,2–5% der Flugbienen,bienenungefährliche Stoffe mit einer Dezimierung von weniger als 1,2% der Flugbienen.6. Die bienengefährlichen Pflanzenschutzmittel müssen von Bienen unbedingt ferngehalten werden, daher sind nicht nur Behandlungen mit diesen Mitteln in die Blüte verboten, sondern es muß auch bei der Verwendung während der Flugzeit mit Vorsicht vorgegangen werden, wenn das behandelte Areal in Stocknähe oder in der Fluglinie liegt. Behandlungen mit diesen Mitteln müssen daher möglichst außerhalb der Flugzeit erfolgen, wenn Gefahr besteht, daß die Bienen von den Produkten getroffen werden.Die minder bienengefährlichen Produkte dürfen ebenfalls auf blühende, von Bienen beflogene Bestände nicht appliziert werden. Ansonsten sind während der Flugzeit der Bienen keine besonderen Vorsichtsmaßnahmen bei Verwendung dieser Mittel nötig.Die bienenungefährlichen Mittel schließlich erfordern keinerlei Vorsichtsmaßnahmen hinsichtlich des Bienenschutzes.7. Die Gegenüberstellung der Gefahrensummenindizes und der Ergebnisse von Freilandversuchen ergaben, daß Produkte mit einem Gefahrensummenindex unter 1 keinesfalls zu den bienengefährlichen Produkten zu zählen sind und daß anderseits ein Gefahrensummenindex von mehr als 15 den betreffenden Stoff einwandfrei als bienengefährlich zu beurteilen gestattet.8. Besonders bemerkenswert ist die Bienenungefährlichkeit der Phosphorsäureesterprodukte Hoe 2706 und Phenkapton sowie die mindere Bienengefährlichkeit der Phosphorsäureester Dipterex, Ekatin, Systox und Pestox. Die vielfach umstrittene mindere Bienengefährlichkeit von DDT wurde in zahlreichen Versuchen erhärtet und wird auch durch den niederen Gefahrensummenindex bestätigt. Das neue Fungizid Brestan erwies sich als bienenungefährlich.     

A DNA vaccine against dolphin morbillivirus is immunogenic in bottlenose dolphins

The immunization of exotic species presents considerable challenges. Nevertheless, for facilities like zoos, animal parks, government facilities and non-profit conservation groups, the protection of valuable and endangered species from infectious disease is a growing concern. The rationale for immunization in these species parallels that for human and companion animals; to decrease the incidence of disease. The U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program, in collaboration with industry and academic partners, has developed and evaluated a DNA vaccine targeting a marine viral pathogen – dolphin morbillivirus (DMV). The DMV vaccine consists of the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (H) genes of DMV. Vaccine constructs (pVR-DMV-F and pVR-DMV-H) were evaluated for expression in vitro and then for immunogenicity in mice. Injection protocols were designed for application in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) to balance vaccine effectiveness with clinical utility. Six dolphins were inoculated, four animals received both pDMV-F and pDMV-H and two animals received a mock vaccine (vector alone). All animals received an inoculation week 0, followed by two booster injections weeks 8 and 14. Vaccine-specific immune responses were documented in all four vaccinated animals. To our knowledge, this is the first report of pathogen-specific immunogenicity to a DNA vaccine in an aquatic mammal species.     

Untersuchung von Herbizidschäden im österreichischen Weinbau

Up to 2006 the majority of Austrian winegrowers have renounced the use of herbicides in viticulture according to the ÖPUL (Austria's programme for the promotion of an agriculture which is appropriate to the environment, extensive and protective of natural habitats) guidelines. According to the new agrarian environmental programme 2007 this measure is no longer subsidized. It seems very likely that a greater portion of Austrian winegrowers will be inclined to apply herbicides again, partly due to the fact that subsidies are not paid any longer and partly due to structural changes, such as the increase in average size of individual farms and thus the primary need of saving and/or minimizing working time, which have taken place in the last years. The occurrence of damage on vines and problems with identification gave reason to an examination of driftage damage caused by applications of the most commonly used substances in viticulture and agriculture by the binding and point treatment spraying techniques. Active substances, which were examined, are glyphosat, glufosinat, oxyflurofen, amitrol/diuron and the sulfonylurea flazasulfuron. The spraying agent was applied under windy conditions in order to achieve drift. So, different symptoms, such as leaf distortion, bleaching, poor fruit set and necroses could be observed.     

A Scale Measure of State Regulatory Climate Toward Finfish Aquaculture

States are responsible for implementing many key environmental laws enacted during the last 30 years. State level variations in legal, regulatory, and development programs targeted toward the aquaculture industry can affect aquaculture firm decision making, including site location and species selection decisions. This research focused on development and testing of a summated scale measure of state regulatory climate toward finfish aquaculture. Data for the analysis were generated from a national survey of state level finfish aquaculture programs. The final aquaculture regulatory climate scale (ARCScale) ranges from 0–18, with the numerical value of the scale increasing with increases in regulatory stringency. Scale values were computed for each state plus Guam for five categories of finfish: baitfish, ornamentals, commercial foodfish, freshwater gamefish, and marine gamefish. The scale allows direct comparison between states, enabling aquaculture producers to make more informed location, species selection, and business decisions. The scale also provides a means for evaluating changes in state institutional characteristics and regulatory climate over time.     

Zur Kenntnis der Obstbaumkarbolineumemulsionen

Ohne Zusammenfassung Mit 5 Abbildungen.     

Rainbow trout silage as immune stimulant and feed ingredient in diets for Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)

Peptides and free amino acids resulting from protein hydrolysis could act as stimulants of fish non‐specific immunity. The study aimed to determine the potential of rainbow trout viscera silage as immune stimulant and feed ingredient for Mozambique tilapia, and to establish whether formic acid used during silage preparation contributed to any effects. Four diets were evaluated: a reference diet (R), one containing 6.5 g kg^?1 formic acid (FA) and two silage diets containing 160 g kg^?1 (SL, low inclusion) and 285 g kg^?1 (SH, high inclusion) silage. Low silage inclusion improved phagocytic activity of leucocytes compared with the reference, while high inclusion showed no improvement. No other non‐specific immunity parameters or haematology were affected by any treatments. High silage inclusion significantly decreased growth and led to higher mortality, while formic acid had no effect on growth. It is concluded that rainbow trout viscera silage can stimulate the cellular non‐specific immunity of Oreochromis mossambicus, and that protein hydrolysis products (and not formic acid) is responsible for the stimulation. The silage can also serve as source of dietary protein and essential amino acids in tilapia diets. However, both fish growth performance and improvement in cellular immunity are dependent on silage inclusion level.     

Effects of formic acid in abalone diets that contain ingredients derived from fish processing by-products

The study aimed to investigate the effects of formic acid inclusion in abalone diets, which contained ingredients produced from fish processing by-products, and to quantify effects on production performance. Four diets (a commercial reference and iso-nutrient diets containing fish silage oil, unprocessed rainbow trout viscera or shrimp protein hydrolysate) were evaluated both with and without addition of 2 g kg^?1 dietary formic acid, thus yielding a total of eight treatments, in feeding trials with cultured South African abalone Haliotis midae. Results indicated that inclusion of unprocessed rainbow trout viscera without formic acid decreased production performance of experimental animals, as evidenced by significantly decreased final animal weight and daily weight gain, and significantly increased feed conversion ratio compared to the iso-nutrient control. The decreased production performance was attributed to decreased feed water stability of the diet incorporating untreated trout viscera. Dietary formic acid supplementation partially mitigated the negative impacts of viscera inclusion on production performance of the experimental animals, as seen in significantly higher final animal weight and daily weight gain, and lower feed conversion ratio when compared to non-formic acid-supplemented, viscera-containing diet. However, no beneficial effects on production performance or water stability were found upon formic acid inclusion in diets not containing trout viscera. In conclusion, dietary formic acid can partially mitigate negative impacts on production performance when unprocessed trout viscera are included in formulated abalone diets by improving feed water stability, but the exact mechanism by which this is achieved was not established.     

PURCHASING SHRIMP FOR AT-HOME CONSUMPTION: THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF CREDENCE VERSUS PHYSICAL PRODUCT FEATURES

Consumers have become increasingly concerned with the quality, safety and production features of food. Certain population segments will pay more for food products carrying a label identifying credence features that consumers cannot evaluate, even after consumption. Seventy-nine market research questionnaires were completed by consumers purchasing live shrimp at two harvest sales at a University of Florida pond aquaculture facility. A conjoint analysis experiment was included to quantify the utility value and relative importance of seven different shrimp product physical and credence features: species, size, refrigeration state, product form, purchase price, country of origin label, and production method label. Both credence features had positive impacts on shrimp product utility, with country of origin label conferring higher positive utility than any other shrimp feature. Utility associated with wild-harvested shrimp was slightly higher than the utility of farm-raised shrimp. These results provide justification of seafood industry support for mandatory country of origin labeling.