Synthesis and phytotoxicity of new ionic liquids incorporating chiral cations and/or chiral anions

The aim of this work was to synthesize chiral ionic liquids as chiral solvents for organic synthesis and to evaluate the phyto(eco)toxicity of the new products and starting N-alkylimidazoles and their potential environmental influence on soil and plants. Chiral ionic liquids containing anions such as Cl-, Br-, TsO-, PF6(-), NO3(-), CF3SO3(-), and (+)- and (-)-C6H5CH(OH)C(O)O- were synthesized using (-)-(1R)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene-2-ethyl [(-)-(1R)-nopyl] halides (X = Cl, Br) and tosylate in 62-100% yields. The chloride 7 and the nitrate 13 ionic liquids possessed a toxicity dependent on the applied concentration. The lowest concentration causing a distinct reduction in plant germination/growth was 100 mg/kg. Spring barley better tolerated the ionic liquids (200 mg/kg) than common radish (100 mg/kg). The nitrate liquid did not exhibit an inhibiting effect on the germination ability of seeds. The starting N-methylimidazole used in lower concentrations (1 and 10 mg/kg of soil dry weight) was not phytotoxic, in contrast to higher doses (>1000 mg/kg).     

三种环棱螺形态学比较研究

为了快速准确鉴别梨形环棱螺(Bellamya purificata)、铜锈环棱螺(B.aeruginosa)与角形环棱螺(B.angularia),本研究采用多种形态度量法,对梨形、铜锈与角形环棱螺的外部形态可量性状进行研究与分析。结果显示:三种环棱螺成体中,梨形环棱螺的体高和体宽均大于铜锈环棱螺和角形环棱螺,而铜锈环棱螺和角形环棱螺在体高上差异不大,但在体宽上角形环棱螺显著大于铜锈环棱螺。主成分分析结果显示,前三个主成分累积贡献率高达92.62%,这三个主成分主要反映躯体外部轮廓、体高和体宽,第一主成分贡献率为75.06%,表明躯体外部轮廓是区分三种环棱螺类的主要依据。判别分析结果显示,角形环棱螺、梨形环棱螺、铜锈环棱螺判别函数的综合判别率高达99.3%。     

Effect of muscle type and vacuum chiller ageing period on the chemical compositions,meat quality,sensory attributes and volatile compounds of Korean native cattle beef

The present study demonstrates the effects of different muscle types and chiller ageing periods on the chemical composition, meat quality parameters, sensory characteristics and volatile compounds of Karean native cattle beed. Longissimus dorsi (LD) and Semitendinosus (ST) muscles aged for 7 days and 28 days were used. Moisture, cooking loss, total collagen and Warner‐Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values for the ST were higher than the LD muscle regardless of ageing period (P < 0.05). The LD muscle had higher intramuscular fat (IMF) (P < 0.05). Ageing for 28 days decreased WBSF values whereas it increased thiobarbituric acid of both muscles. Moreover, tenderness, juiciness and flavor scores were significantly higher for the LD muscle at both ageing periods. Increased ageing time improved tenderness of both muscles, and increased juiciness of the LD muscle, whereas there was decreased flavor score of ST muscle (P < 0.05). The majority of the volatile compounds formed from the oxidation of lipids showed differences between the two muscles. Ageing for 28 days increased in the amounts of many volatile compounds; however, the amounts of some important volatile compounds were decreased. These results clearly demonstrate that muscle type and ageing have a potential effect on meat quality, sensory characteristics and volatile profile.     

氮磷钾配施对金钗石斛幼苗生长的影响

为探明金钗石斛高产栽培的氮磷钾最佳配方,以金钗石斛幼苗为材料,采用田间试验研究不同氮磷钾配比施肥对金钗石斛幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：不同处理对金钗石斛幼苗生长效果不同,其中,以施用尿素10．87 kg/667m2＋过磷酸钙31．25 kg/667m2＋硫酸钾10．00 kg/667m2效果最好,其药用部位（茎）的生长量为1．74 g/株,较 CK 增加5．45％,微量元素铜、锌、铁和锰含量分别较 CK 增加46．24％、50．80％、69．35％和25．70％,药用成分茎多糖和石斛碱分别较 CK 增加42．36％和46．67％。合适的氮磷钾配比能够明显促进金钗石斛幼苗产量和品质的提高。     

紫色丝膜菌菌种分离与栽培研究

本文对贺兰山野生紫色丝膜菌进行了组织分离和人工驯化栽培的初步研究 ,结果表明 :该菌菌丝易于培养 ,子实体难于分化形成     

内保温日光温室的改进和应用前景

内保温日光温室已经出现了近十年的时间，但一直没有得到大面积推广。笔者在分析其优缺点的基础上，结合我国温室的分布区域和发展现状，提出了改进措施，并认为内保温日光温室以其节能、抗灾、省力等优势而具有较好的推广应用前景。     

师范生免费教育政策下的英语专业学生英语学习动机类型

采用问卷调查并结合半结构式访谈，探讨在师范生免费教育政策的条件下英语专业学生的动机倾向性，尝试归纳出动机类型，旨在为师范生免费教育相关政策的推广以及高等师范免费教育的培养模式提供一定的借鉴。此次调查的受试学生为402名西南大学外国语学院2007年9月入学的首批英语专业免费师范生。用SPSS13．0对问卷调查后所得数据进行了因子分析，归纳出八种动机类型：个人发展动机，兴趣动机、社会责任动机、文化融合动机、家庭责任动机、政策动机、专业观念动机、证书动机。调查的结果反映出师范生免费教育政策给他们的学习动机带来了直接或间接的影响。     

文化设计理念在森林与湿地公园规划中的应用

提出了文化设计的概念和理念体系,分别从文化的时空差异性、展示技术和表现形式上阐述文化设计的主要内容;提出主题、思想、美与爱以及与之相对应的形式上的真、认知上的善、感知上的美是文化设计的基本内容;并据此构建了文化设计的3个层面(主题、思想、美与爱)的设计符号体系;结合森林与湿地公园设计实践,分别从功利与审美相结合、爱与人文关怀、异质化与特化、符号化、大众潮流与时尚、亲和性与神圣化、共鸣与共震、个性化8个方面分析文化设计理念的应用与设计基本手法。     

State Unemployment Differentials: Equilibrium Factors vs. Differential Employment Growth

: Differentials in U.S. state unemployment rates were persistent in the early 1990s. In addition, states with higher employment growth did not necessarily have the lowest unemployment rates. Thus, this paper examines the differentials in U.S. state unemployment rates from 1992 to 1994, decomposing them into the parts that were due to differences in recent employment growth, and those that were due to longer-term equilibrium factors. Also, using the shift-share model, employment growth differences are decomposed into an industry mix component and a competitiveness component. The decomposition of the 1992 to 1994 unemployment rate differentials is based on an econometric equation estimated using panel data from 1972 to 1991. Explanatory equilibrium factors included in the model are amenities, demographic characteristics, education, industry composition, labor mobility, and wage rates.     

The effect of temperature during growth and flowering on the seed set of tetraploid freesia

Summary Phytotron experiments have been carried out to study the effect of different temperatures on the seed set of tetraploid freesias during the raising of the plants and at the time of flowering and pollination.The effect of a relatively low temperature during the growth period is reflected in a comperatively greater number of flowers as a result of an increase in number of ramifications of the peduncle. This sometimes promotes the seed yield notwithstanding that the lower temperature reduces the fertility of each seperate flower. It is clearly proved that the temperature during flowering and pollination affects the fertility of the flower and the ultimate seed yield of the plant. Experiments in our phytotron showed 14°C during the growth period and 20°C at the time of pollination to be the optimum combination for a good seed yield.The effect of a lower night temperature was generally favourable, particularly so when measured by the number of seeds per pollinated flower.