山楂粘叶蜂生物学特性和防治方法的初步研究

山植是近年来我国北方各地发展较快的果树之一。山楂粘叶蜂(Allantus sp.)是新发现的仅为害山楂叶片的一种单食性害虫,为国内一新种。该虫在吉林省长春地区1年发生1代及一不完全的第2代。以老熟幼虫结茧在树盘下0—7cm的表土内越冬,盛夏7月份为害最重,但幼虫发生期可一直延续到9月上、中旬。为害幼虫体覆透明粘液。老熟幼虫在土中结茧化蛹。成虫和幼虫均有假死性。当前生产上可结合其他害虫的防治,用50%辛硫磷或50%杀螟松乳油1000倍液等有机磷杀虫剂;20%杀灭菊酯或20%灭扫利乳油4000—5000倍液等合成菊酯类农药常规喷雾,防治效果达90%以上。还可结合防治桃小食心虫等进行树盘土壤药剂处理。     

Determining the optimum range of soil Olsen P for high P use efficiency, crop yield, and soil fertility in three typical cropland soils

Soil Olsen P level has a major influence on crop yield, efficient P utilization, and soil fertility. In this study, the optimum Olsen P range was determined from long-term (1990-2012) field experiments in three typical soil types of China under single cropping of maize or double cropping of maize and wheat. The critical soil Olsen P value for crop yield was evaluated using three different models, and the relationships among P use efficiency (PUE), Olsen P, and total P were analyzed. The agronomic critical soil Olsen P values obtained from the three models for the neutral soil of Gongzhuling and the calcareous soil of Zhengzhou were similar; however, the values from the linear-linear and linear-plateau models for both maize and wheat were substantially lower than those from the Mitscherlich model for the acidic soil of Qiyang. The PUE response change rates (linear equation slopes) under different soil Olsen P levels were small, indicating slight or no changes in the PUE as the soil Olsen P increased in all three soils. A comparison of the Olsen P levels that achieved the maximal PUE with the agronomic critical values derived from the three models indicated that the linear-plateau model exhibited the best performance. The regression equation coefficients of Olsen P response to total P decreased as follows:Zhengzhou (73 mg g^-1) > Qiyang (65 mg g^-1) > Gongzhuling (55 mg g^-1). The Olsen P level increased as the total P increased, which may result in a decrease in PUE. To achieve a relatively high crop yield, PUE, and soil fertility, the optimum Olsen P range should be 13-40, 10-40, and 29-40 mg kg^-1 at Gongzhuling, Zhengzhou, and Qiyang, respectively.     

有机肥和化学肥料配合施用对红壤肥力的影响

通过对红壤旱地长期不同施肥处理的土壤研究,发现不同的施肥处理对红壤旱地性质影响极为明显:长期施用化肥,耕作13年后,土壤活性有机质下降39.6%,在NPKS处理中,活性有机质上升16.9%,M中上升11%。长期施用有机物的处理中,土壤的微生物的数量和土壤酶的活性显著高于长期施用化学肥料的处理,由以长期单度施用化学氮肥为最低。在红壤旱地上长期施用化学肥料,使土壤严重酸化,不利于玉米的生长,肥料的长期效果为:氮肥仅增产24.9%,化学肥料配合施用的NPK处理增产率267%,NPKS处理增产率319%,M处理增产率267%,NPKM处理增产率高达367%。施用有质物还可防止土壤酸化,提高土壤的养分的有效性和肥料的利用率。     

长春市蔬菜害虫的调查及防治建议

经初步调查和标本鉴定,初步明确了长春市蔬菜害虫发生种类与危害情况。在本市发生的71种害虫中,为害的优势种类为7种(类)。当前生产上必须抓好这些种类的防治工作。对有加重危害趋势的灯蛾类和盲蝽类亦应引起充分重视。在调查研究的基础上,提出了当前生产上综合防治的建议。     

长期施用含氯化肥对水稻生长和养分吸收的影响

已持续26年的湖南祁阳红壤站长期肥料试验的水稻植株样品被用来研究长期施用含氯化肥对水稻的养分吸收和水稻生长的影响。结果表明：长期施用含氯化肥已显著减少水稻吸收P、Ca、Mn、Cu、Si,并抑制Cu、Zn、Si和P向籽粒运输,导致水稻结实率降低,倒伏率提高。     

The links between potassium availability and soil exchangeable calcium,magnesium, and aluminum are mediated by lime in acidic soil

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The aims of this study were to investigate the links between potassium (K) uptake by crops and soil K, exchangeable calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and aluminum...     

有机肥和化学肥料配合施用对红壤肥力的影响

通过对红壤旱地长期不同施肥处理的土壤研究,发现不同的施肥处理对红壤旱地性质影响极为明显：长期施用化肥,耕作13年后,土壤活性有机质下降39.6%,在NPKS处理中,活性有机质上升16.9%,M中上升11%。长期施用有机物的处理中,土壤的微生物的数量和土壤酶的活性显著高于长期施用化学肥料的处理,由以长期单度施用化学氮肥为最低。在红壤旱地上长期施用化学肥料,使土壤严重酸化,不利于玉米的生长,肥料的长期效果为：氮肥仅增产24.9%,化学肥料配合施用的NPK处理增产率267%,NPKS处理增产率319%,M处理增产率267%,NPKM处理增产率高达367%。施用有质物还可防止土壤酸化,提高土壤的养分的有效性和肥料的利用率。     

长期不同施肥对红壤微生物生长影响

研究长期不同施肥对农田生态系统土壤微生物的影响,为合理培肥提供理论支持。依托红壤旱地长期定位试验,取样分析土壤可培养细菌、真菌及防线菌含量。表明有机肥的长期施入增加了土壤可培养细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量。磷肥有助于土壤可培养细菌的生长,氮肥有助于真菌的生长,抑制好气性自生固氮菌的生长。土壤不平衡施肥对土壤微生物的生物量有很大的影响,对好气性纤维素分解菌的生长起抑制作用。施用有机肥有助于改善土壤微生物的生态结构,保持土壤微生物的生态环境,提高农田生态系统生产功能。     

Nitrogen efficiency in long-term wheat–maize cropping systems under diverse field sites in China

Efficiency of fertilizer N is becoming increasingly important in modern agricultural production owing to increasing food requirement and growing concern about environments. However, there is almost no study regarding its long-term efficiency in wheat and maize cropping systems. Long-term (15 years) experiments involving wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) rotations at five field sites with various soil and climate characteristics in China were used to determine the nitrogen (N) efficiency, including the physiological efficiency, recovery efficiency and N mass balance of soil–plant systems in response to different fertilization treatments. The present study consisted of nine treatments: unfertilized, N, phosphorus, potassium, straw and manure or their combinations. The contribution of N fertilizers to wheat yield was higher than to maize and suggested that wheat could be given priority over maize when determining N application rates. Uptake of 1 kg N produced 35.6 kg of wheat grain and 39.5 kg of maize grain. The deficit of N in soils without applied N ranged from 40 to 103 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, while N surpluses in soils with applied N fertilizers ranged from 35 to 350 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The apparent accumulated N recovery efficiency (NRE_ac) varied widely from 4% to 90%: unbalanced fertilization and other soil limiting factors (such as aluminium toxicity) were associated with low NRE_ac. In the treatments of combination of N, phosphorus and potassium with normal application rates, the average of NRE_ac in four out of five sites reached 80%, which suggested that best management of N fertilizers could recover most of N fertilizers applied to soils. The results will be helpful to understand the long-term fate of N fertilizers and to optimize the N fertilization for agricultural practices and environment protection.     

长期施肥下红壤旱地CO2、N2O排放特征

摘 要：基于中国农业科学院红壤实验站长期定位试验,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,研究红壤旱地小麦生长季节不同施肥处理(CK、NP、NPK、NPKM、1.5NPKM)下土壤CO2、N2O排放差异。结果表明,长期不同施肥处理形成不同的土壤肥力以及作物生长的差异是影响土壤呼吸CO2、N2O排放的重要因素,红壤旱地小麦季土壤呼吸CO2、N2O排放具有明显的季节变化特征;在小麦生长季,不同施肥处理之间土壤呼吸CO2、N2O排放通量差异显著,土壤呼吸CO2年累积排放量在8284.02 kg?ha-1～15863.48 kg?ha-1之间,N2O年累积排放量在0.37 kg?ha-1～2.04 kg?ha-1之间。各处理土壤呼吸CO2排放通量的大小变化：1.5NPKM>NPKM>NPK>CK>NP;土壤呼吸N2O平均排放通量大小顺序为1.5NPKM>NPKM>NPK>NP>CK;有机肥的施用显著增加了土壤呼吸CO2和N2O的排放(P<0.05)。土壤呼吸CO2与N2O排放分别与土壤温度和土壤水分显著相关性。