干旱胁迫对植物叶片解剖结构影响研究进展

植物在生长过程中可能会遭受干旱胁迫的影响,而叶片作为植物进行光合作用的活动中心,是在干旱胁迫条件下反应最为敏锐的器官。本文对干旱条件下植物叶片表皮结构、栅栏组织和海绵组织、叶厚度、叶脉以及气孔等结构的响应及伤害表现进行综述,以期为高等植物抗旱能力研究提供参考。     

高等农业院校精品课程建设的现状分析与对策

农学类精品课程一直是国家精品课程建设中的薄弱环节,不仅发展速度慢,而且内部发展不平衡,农学类国家级精品课程主要分布在少数涉农国家"211工程"和"985工程"院校中。通过对目前国家精品课程评审指标体系分析,提出了加强师资队伍建设、优化教学方法与手段、加强教材建设力度、突出农业特色、完善监控制度与资金保障机制等途径,对推动农业院校农学类精品课程建设有一定的借鉴意义。     

Male sterility in soybean: Occurrence,molecular basis and utilization

In plants, male sterility (MS) is a specific breeding target trait. With the advancements in agriculture, utilization of heterosis breeding in hybrid production through MS lines has become the main breeding tool of various cross‐pollinated and even self‐pollinated crops. Soybean is an essential source of oil and protein; however, the low yield is a major factor limiting its development. Soybean MS mainly comprises cytoplasmic‐nuclear MS and nuclear/genic MS (NMS/GMS), which can effectively utilize heterosis to improve soybean yield. This review outlines the recent research progress on the development of new genetically MS lines, exploring the underlying molecular mechanism of MS, identification and cloning of MS and fertility restoration genes, and the application of MS lines. We further discussed and prospected the future developmental scenario direction of the soybean MS, based on the previous studies of other crops sterility system. Moreover, this review also provides comprehensive information for better application of MS to soybean breeding programme.     

贵州省不同年代糯高粱品种（系）农艺性状演变分析

以贵州省不同年代酿酒用糯高粱品种（系）为研究对象,采用随机区组试验设计,对其农艺性状、产量构成以及抗性差异进行分析,结果表明：随着年代更替,贵州省酿酒用糯高粱单产逐步提高。新品种（红缨子、黔高8号）较老品系（黑壳糯、红壳糯）平均单产增幅25%以上;穗粒数、穗粒重增加显著,增幅分别为51.7%、62.7%;主穗一、二级枝梗数增加幅度分别为19.8%、62.7%;株高降低24.9%,茎粗增加9.5%;节间数增加0.9个,节间长缩短13.3cm;单株叶面积和叶面积指数增加显著;倒伏率、发病率下降显著,成穗率明显提升。各指标相关性分析显示,产量与穗粒数、穗粒重,穗粒数与主穗一、二级枝梗数呈极显著正相关;产量与株高、倒伏率极显著负相关,与茎粗正相关,相关系数分别为-0.981、-0.970和0.928,株高、茎粗与倒伏率相关显著,相关系数分别为0.964和-0.910;产量与叶面积指数正相关,与发病率显著负相关。总的结果表明,主穗一、二级枝梗数的增加提高了糯高粱的穗粒数,植株株高的降低、茎粗的增加促进了抗倒性的提升,抗病性的提升保证了后期叶片光合作用的持续进行,最终提高了糯高粱产量。     

X射线荧光光谱法快速检测原料公干鱼中的镉

旨在建立一种基于X射线荧光光谱法快速检测原料公干鱼(原料鱼)中镉的方法。应用X射线荧光光谱法快速检测原料鱼初始样及干燥样中的镉含量,对快速检测与标准检测结果的相关性进行了分析;考察了对原料鱼进行快速干燥处理的可行性;采用原料鱼的标准测定值对X射线荧光光谱仪进行校正后,考察了快速检测方法的精密度、检测限、准确度等性能参数。结果表明:X射线荧光光谱法能准确测定原料鱼干燥样中的镉,检测限达0.088 mg/kg,线性范围为0.088~1.286 mg/kg,相对标准偏差低于10%。该快速检测方法测定单个样品只需40 min左右,可满足现场对原料鱼中镉的快速测定要求,为防控原料鱼食品中镉超标风险提供了一种高效的筛查手段。     

基于二维激光传感器无人直升机作业边界探测

无人机喷雾作业边界探测识别是无人直升机喷雾的重要内容,如果喷雾最大喷幅超过目标区域,会导致药液流失,造成环境的严重污染。为此,基于无人直升机平台,选取二维激光扫描传感器、姿态传感器等传感器搭建了一套二维激光扫描探测系统。该系统利用二维激光传感器探测无人直升机距离作物冠层和田埂的高度,计算冠层和田埂距离差值,并把高度差值作为分割阈值,实现无人直升机作业边界的提取,同时进行了田间试验验证。     

基于物联网技术的甜玉米土壤墒情监测及评价应用

本文基于物联网技术的广州市农业机械化技术推广站农业物联网综合应用平台,利用高精度土壤湿度传感器和智能气象站所采集的环境信息,估算甜玉米不同生育阶段需水量(ETc)及其适宜的土壤含水量,并结合广东甜玉米主产区典型土壤质地类型,初步建立了不同质地土壤相对应的墒情评价指标体系。实际应用结果表明,该系统能实现土壤水分实时自动监测,对不同质地土壤甜玉米墒情评价准确,可作为广东甜玉米水分精准管理的依据,为农业科技信息服务提供了一条新途径,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Selection of soybean elite cultivars based on phenotypic and genomic characters related to lodging tolerance

Soybean lodging can result in serious yield reduction. Detecting the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with lodging tolerance for their further application in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to enhance soybean breeding efficiency. In this study, a genome‐wide association analysis (GWAS) was performed to identify soybean accessions that could potentially be used to produce lodging‐tolerant varieties, based on the comprehensive evaluation of lodging scores (LS) obtained for the parental cultivar “Tokachi nagaha” and its 137 derived cultivars. Results showed that genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction significantly influenced LS. Of the 31 significant SNPs identified, 22 were consistently detected in two or more environments and 27 SNPs were located in or close to agronomically important QTL mapped by linkage analysis. Best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of LS tend to decrease with the elite alleles contained by accessions increasing. Some excellent accessions, with lower BLUPs and D_i (stability coefficients) values and more elite alleles, were selected. This study contributed to understand the genetic mechanism of lodging, providing genetic and phenotypic information for MAS.     

基于混合狼群算法参数优选的泵站群运行优化

对于求解复杂的并联泵站群优化运行模型,狼群算法(wolf pack algorithm,WPA)存在收敛性和鲁棒性差等问题。为改善这些问题,该文以某典型并联泵站群为例,以泵站系统主机组运行能耗最低为优化目标,考虑流量、叶片角度、开机台数等约束条件,建立了并联泵站群优化运行模型。将模拟退火算法引入WPA算法中,提出混合狼群算法(hybrid wolf pack algorithm,HWPA)用于求解建立的优化模型。选择最小值、平均值和标准差作为算法性能的评价指标。相较于粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)和WPA算法,HWPA算法求解典型并联泵站群优化运行模型得出的运行能耗最小值平均降低了15.60、10.23 kW,平均值平均降低了36.94、14.30 kW,标准差平均降低了84.82%、72.90%。在HWPA算法的基础上,对算法中的游走步长、奔袭步长、围攻步长的最小值和最大值4个参数进行单因素分析和拉丁超立方抽样设计计算,确定出4个参数的最优组合为0.33、1.53、0.672和4.8×10^5,进而提出改进混合狼群算法(improved hybrid wolf pack algorithm,IHWPA)。相较于HWPA算法,IHWPA算法求解典型并联泵站群优化运行模型得出的运行能耗最小值和平均值平均降低了4.66和13.26 kW,标准差平均降低了94.02%。应用IHWPA算法确定典型并联泵站群6个不同运行工况优化方案,结果表明,采用引入模拟退火算法、优选WPA算法参数的方法提高了算法的全局收敛性与计算鲁棒性,泵站运行最优决策方案较实际方案的运行能耗平均降低9.80%,可为泵站工程提供合理有效的运行方案,降低运行能耗。     

An Electrospun Scaffold Loaded with an Enteromorpha Polysaccharide for Accelerated Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice

The design and development of innovative multifunctional wound dressing materials in engineered biomaterials is essential for promoting tissue repair. In this study, nanofibrous wound dressing materials loaded with anti-inflammatory ingredients were manufactured by a promising electrospinning strategy, and their capability for treating diabetic wounds was also investigated. A scaffold blend consisting of an Enteromorpha polysaccharide and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was fabricated. The in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the efficacy of PVA/EPP1 fiber. We found that PVA/EPP1 fiber accelerated the repair of a full-thickness skin wound in diabetic mice. The results suggest that this scaffold could effectively shorten the wound healing time by inhibiting inflammatory activity, which makes it a promising candidate for the treatment of hard-to-heal wounds caused by diabetes.