Isoyield Analysis of Barley Cultivar Trials in the Canadian Prairies

Classification of test sites used for cultivar trials into groups with similar within‐group site performance and response (isoyield groups) is an important step towards identification of appropriate cultivars that are best suited for different productivity levels in farm fields. The objective of this study was to determine isoyield environments in the Canadian prairies based on the analysis of cultivar trials consolidated from individual provinces for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Yield data for the analysis were taken from 324 replicated trials at 84 sites across the prairies during 1995–2003. The combined use of regression and cluster analyses of the data normalized for averaging the multi‐year unbalanced data led to a stratification of the 84 sites into 13 isoyield groups. A comparison was made of the distributions of the variability among and within groups according to three modes of grouping: isoyield groups, soil zones and agroecoregions. There was more variability among isoyield groups and correspondingly less within the groups than that among and within soil zones or agroecoreions. Similar contrasting pattern existed for the variance components involving genotype–environment interaction (GEI), although the GEI variability was generally small under all three modes of grouping. Relationships of site sensitivity (regression coefficient) and stability (coefficient of determination) with site productivity were shown to be a useful aid for selecting a subset of test sites in an effort to improve efficiency and quality of future cultivar testing. Thus, isoyield analysis should be a valuable tool for subsetting heterogeneous environments and for reducing GEI impact in cultivar testing and recommendation.     

Evaluation of increased fiber,decreased amino acids,or decreased electrolyte balance as dietary approaches to slow finishing pig growth rates

In swine production, pig movement restrictions or packing plant closures may create the need to slow growth rates of finishing pigs to ensure they remain at a marketable body weight when packing plant access is restored. Although dietary formulations can be successful at slowing pig growth, precision is needed regarding how to best formulate diets to achieve growth rate reductions. Thus, the objective was to evaluate three dietary experimental approaches aimed at slowing growth rates in finishing pigs. These approaches consisted of either increasing neutral detergent fiber (NDF), reducing essential amino acids, or reducing the dietary electrolyte balance through the addition of acidogenic salts. A total of 94 mixed-sex pigs (72.4 ± 11.2 kg BW) across two replicates were individually penned and assigned to 1 of 8 dietary treatments (n = 11–12 pigs/treatment): 1) Control diet representative of a typical corn–soybean meal-based finisher diet (CON); 2) diet containing 15% NDF from soybean hulls (15% NDF); 3) diet containing 20% NDF from soybean hulls (20% NDF); 4) diet containing 25% NDF from soybean hulls (25% NDF); 5) diet formulated as per CON but with 50% of the soybean meal replaced with corn (89% Corn); 6) diet containing 97% corn and no soybean meal or synthetic amino acids (97% Corn); 7) diet containing 2% anhydrous calcium chloride (2% CaCl₂); and 8) diet containing 4% anhydrous calcium chloride (4% CaCl₂). Over 28 d, pig body weights and performance were recorded weekly. At d 28, all pigs were ultrasound scanned and switched to the CON diet to evaluate compensatory gain from d 28 to 35. Overall, increased NDF did not impact any growth performance parameter (P > 0.05). Amino acid restriction reduced average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed (G:F) linearly (linear P < 0.001). Similarly, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were linearly reduced with increased CaCl₂ inclusion (linear P < 0.001). ADG differed during the compensatory gain period (P < 0.001), with 4% CaCl₂-fed pigs having a 47% increase in ADG compared with CON-fed pigs. Conversely, 15% and 25% NDF-fed pigs had reduced ADG compared with CON-fed pigs during the compensatory gain period. Gain efficiency differed from day 28 to 35 (P < 0.001), with 4% CaCl₂-fed pigs having a 36% increase in G:F compared with CON-fed pigs. Altogether, these data demonstrate that both amino acid restriction and CaCl₂ inclusion are effective at slowing pig growth, albeit at greater inclusion rates.     

Musculoskeletal neoplasia: an important differential for lumps or lameness in the cat

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Musculoskeletal neoplasia is an uncommon but Important differential diagnosis for cats presenting with lameness, pain or swellings associated with bones and/or soft tissues. The most common tumours of soft tissue origin are the sarcomas (in particular feline injection site sarcomas [FISSs]); the most common bone tumour of the cat is osteosarcoma (OSA). CLINICAL CHALLENGES: FISSs present a clinical challenge in terms of their local invasiveness, difficulty in obtaining complete surgical excision and high risk of local recurrence. Axial and extraskeletal OSAs pose similar challenges, whereas appendicular OSA is usually easy to remove via limb amputation and can, therefore, carry a good prognosis in many cases. PATIENT GROUP: Cats of any age, gender or breed may be affected, although bone tumours predominantly affect middle- to old-aged cats. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE: Vaccination of cats is of global importance in preventing feline diseases; hence, any possible significant consequences of vaccination such as neoplasia, even of a low incidence, are of huge concern to cat owners and veterinarians alike. EVIDENCE BASE: This review is based on current literature relating to pathogenesis, pathology, presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment and prognosis. It aims to summarise feline musculoskeletal neoplasia for clinicians in general practice.     

Automatic control of food supply in the culture of filter-feeding organisms

The design, construction and operation of a laboratory apparatus is described, which opto-electronically controls food density within the optimum range necessary to promote the maximum growth of filter-feeding organisms. This apparatus, termed an algal cell monitor, incorporates an infra-red transmitter and photo-receiver with circuitry to permit stable operation over a wide range of culture conditions. Application of the apparatus in controlling the density of microalgal food species in the high-density rearing of oyster larvae, together with cost benefits of the technique, are discussed.     

Über die historische Entwicklung der Gliederung vonBeta vulgaris L. in Untersippen und deren Nomenklatur

Zusammenfassung Als Vorarbeit für eine taxonomische Gliederung der Formenmannigfaltigkeit der ArtBeta vulgaris L. wurde in einer tabellarischen Zusammenstellung ein Überblick und eine kritische Wertung der durch Phrasen bezeichneten Sippen in den vorlinnéischen Werken, vornehmlich den Kräuterbüchern und Indices des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts, gegeben.Die nur z. T. mit gültigen lateinischen Namen versehenen, in der Mehrzahl lediglich durch Buchstaben des griechischen Alphabetes bezeichneten Sippen vonBeta vulgaris bei Linné selbst wurden an Hand der Synonyme einer kritischen Überprüfung auf ihre Selbständigkeit unterzogen.Ein kurzer, vergleichend-wertender Überblick über Gliederungen der ArtBeta vulgaris L. in der nachlinnéischen Literatur ergänzt die Betrachtungen und läßt eine Neufassung notwendig erscheinen.     

Die „Chinakohle“ im Sortiment Gatersleben III

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die „Chinakohle“ im Sortiment Gatersleben I. 1.Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.

Zusammenfassung Die Gliederung der Formenvielfalt der ArtBrassica pekinensis sei an Hand der Fotos der Abb. 7 nochmals kurz veranschaulicht. Sie geben von den Umblättern befreite Verkaufsware wieder, an der die speziellen Eigentümlichkeiten der einzelnen Taxa deutlich hervortreten.Die Fotos a und b stammen von Pflanzen der var.laxa Tsen et Lee. Diese Varietät ist durch offene Blattrosetten gekennzeichnet, die mehr oder weniger steil aufgerichtet sind, indes die Apikalenden der Spreiten leicht abaxial auseinander weichen.Die typusführende var.pekinensis weist rundliche (ballonförmige, oval bis breitovale) geschlossene Kopfbildungen auf, die durch Übereinanderlagerung der Apikalenden der meist konkav gestalteten und adaxial gekrümmten Blattspreiten zustande kommen. (Figg. c, d, e).Die var.cylindrica Tsen et Lee ist durch längere oder kürzere zylinder-förmige, ebenfalls meist geschlossene Kopfbildungen ausgezeichnet, die durch Umgreifen bzw. Umrollen seitens der jeweils nächstälteren, in der gesamten Länge fast gerade gestreckten Blattspreite gebildet werden. (Figg. f, g)

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Summary The order of the diversiform members of the speciesBrassica pekinensis may be illustraded once more by the pictures of Abb. 7. They are taken from articles of commerce (without the outer leaves) and in this state the peculiarities of each taxon are very significant.The pictures a and b belong to plants of the var.laxa Tsen et Lee. This variety (in botanical sense) is characterized by open leaf-rosettes, which are more or less upright. The apical ends of the leaves are bowing a little in abaxial direction.The var.pekinensis, which includes the type of the speciesBrassica pekinensis, is characterized by closed heads of roundish shape. They are formed by laying one leaf on the top of another. Here the leaves possess a concave shape and are bent in adaxial direction. (Figg. c, d, e)The var.cylindrica Tsen et Lee is distinguished by long or shorter cylindrical heads, which are in most cases also closed. They are formed by laying one leaf round the next younger one. The leaves are straight in their whole length and not concave or inclined. (Figg. f, g)

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Brassica pekinensis . 7. a b var.laxa Tsen et Lee. , , . var.pekinensis ( , ) , , (c, d, e). var.cylindrica Tsen et Lee , , , (f g).

     

Multiple drug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 and DT104b isolated in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)

Multiple drug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium, definitive type (DT) 104 and DT104b, were isolated in three separate hunting preserve bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) outbreaks. The cases involved 4-day-old and 3-wk-old quail with increased mortality of 5%-8.6%, respectively. Postmortem lesions included emaciation, distended abdomens, and dark colon contents, which were gaseous and fluid in consistency. Salmonella typhimurium isolated from the intestines and/or livers was resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and tetracycline. The isolate involving the 3-wk-old quail was phage typed as S. typhimurium DT104. The isolates involving the two cases of 4-day-old quail were phage typed as S. typhimurium DT104b.     

Histopathological Study of Barley Cultivars Resistant and Susceptible to Rhynchosporium secalis

ABSTRACT Differences in the penetration process by Rhynchosporium secalis were compared in resistant and susceptible barley cultivars at the seedling stage. Percent penetration and percent host cell wall alteration (HCWA) differed significantly among cultivars and isolates as revealed by light microscopy. Based on these two variables, the cultivars were statistically separated into two groups that corresponded to their disease reactions. The resistant cultivars, Johnston and CDC Guardian, showed 81.2 to 99.4% HCWA and 0.1 to 20.1% penetration at encounter sites, whereas the susceptible cultivars, Harrington, Argyle, and Manley, had 30.1 to 78.3% HCWA and 31.8 to 81.8% penetration. In the current study, cv. Leduc, which is susceptible at the seedling stage and resistant at the adult stage, showed the same percent HCWA and penetration as did susceptible cultivars. A significant negative correlation (P < 0.01) was found between percent penetration and percent HCWA for cultivars inoculated with two isolates of the pathogen. Isolate 1 was less virulent than isolate 2 with respect to percent penetration and induced significantly fewer HCWA. Scanning electron microscopy showed various shapes of fungal appressoria but no apparent difference in host reaction between resistant and susceptible cultivars. Transmission electron microscopy revealed interactions between the host and pathogen at various stages of penetration. The resistant cv. Johnston responded by producing appositions, as evidenced by a layer of compact osmiophilic material deposited on the inner side of the cell wall. Infection pegs produced by conidia were unable to penetrate the cuticle where an apposition had formed inside. When penetration occurred in the susceptible cv. Argyle, cytoplasmic aggregates and separation of the plasmalemma were visible from the host cell wall, but the layer of compact osmiophilic material was not always present. Data based on light microscopic observations suggested that HCWA may be one of the mechanisms responsible for resistance that is characterized as penetration prevention rather than as a slow rate of mycelial growth after successful penetration. HCWA occurred in response to attempted cuticle penetration, suggesting that HCWA may produce chemical barriers that help to prevent penetration.     

Bemerkungen zu Handzeichnungen von Mangoldsippen aus dem Jahre 1689

Ohne Zusammenfassung