Resveratrol and piceid levels in natural and blended peanut butters

Peanut and its derivatives, especially peanut butter, are extensively consumed in many countries, mainly in the United States, which is also the major exporter of these products. trans-Resveratrol is present in peanuts, and recently this compound has been quantified in peanut butter. It is well-known that there are beneficial effects of trans-resveratrol and its glucoside, the piceid, in health. The absorption of trans-resveratrol has been proven in animals, and certain studies show that the absorption of some phenols is enhanced by conjugation with glucose, so that it could be possible that trans-piceid would be more absorbed than its aglycon (trans-resveratrol). In our work, we have identified the presence of trans-piceid in peanut butter with a new method to quantify trans-resveratrol and trans-piceid (3-beta-glucose of trans-resveratrol). This fact is very interesting because the glucosilated form could be more easily absorbed by the intestinal gut; in this way trans-piceid would exercise its beneficial function more efficiently than trans-resveratrol. To our knowledge, this is the first time that trans-piceid has been quantified in peanut butter. Resveratrol and piceid contents in natural peanut butters were found to be significantly higher than those in blended peanut butters.     

Effect of high-intensity pulsed electric fields processing and conventional heat treatment on orange-carrot juice carotenoids

Liquid chromatography (LC) was the method of choice for quantification of carotenoids (including geometrical isomers) to evaluate the effects of high-intensity pulsed electric field (HIPEF), a nonthermal preservation method, with different parameters (electric field intensities and treatment times), on an orange-carrot juice mixture (80:20, v/v). In parallel, a conventional heat treatment (98 degrees C, 21 s) was applied to the juice. HIPEF processing generally caused a significant increase in the concentrations of the carotenoids identified as treatment time increased. HIPEF treatment at 25 and 30 kV/cm provided a vitamin A concentration higher than that found in the pasteurized juice.     

Behavior of monosaccharides, phenolic compounds, and color of red wines aged in used oak barrels and in the bottle

A red wine with appropriate basic quality characteristics for aging was stored in oak barrels for 12 months and then bottled and aged for a further 6 months. The same ambient conditions of temperature and humidity were maintained throughout the entire aging process. The barrels used were made from three different species of oak by four different cooperages and had been used for at least two years. Analysis of variance and principal component analysis were run on the values for hexoses, pentoses, total anthocyanins, ortho-diphenols, low- and high-polymer polyphenols, and color parameters to study the behavior of the monosaccharides and polyphenols in response to the factors of aging time, the oak variety employed, and the source cooperage where the barrels had been made. Time trends for all the phenolic components were directly related to aging time, with low-polymeric polyphenols (LPPs) being the most affected by wood type and source cooperage. Wine color was defined by a basic red color which decreased with aging time in the barrel and was altered by yellowish pigment components differing for each of the barrels in which oxidative aging took place and by increased stability of the blue copigments. Principal component analysis showed that samples of the same source wine aged in different barrels tended to be grouped together according to each of the aging intervals considered.     

Preparation and characterization of inclusion complex of norflurazon and beta-cyclodextrin to improve herbicide formulations

The formulation of inclusion complexes of the herbicide norflurazon as guest and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) as host has been studied as a first step in the use of cyclodextrins to obtain improved formulations of this herbicide. The interaction of norflurazon with beta-CD produced the formation of an inclusion complex in solution and in solid state. The inclusion of norflurazon in beta-CD in solution was studied by phase solubility, and an apparent stability constant of 360 M(-)(1), a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio for the complex, and up to 5-fold increase in norflurazon solubility were determined. Three processing methods (kneading, spray drying and vacuum evaporation) were used to prepare norflurazon-beta-CD solid inclusion complexes. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to study the solid complexes. From the different solid systems, an increase of norflurazon aqueous dissolution rate was obtained in comparison to the uncomplexed herbicide. This finding is a first step to obtain controlled release and/or protective formulations of norflurazon, which allow a more rational application of norflurazon, diminishing the use of organic solvents and increasing its efficacy.     

Principal component analysis of biogenic amines and polyphenols in Hungarian wines

Biogenic amines, polyphenols, and resveratrol were analyzed quantitatively in 25 different Hungarian wines from the same wine-making region, harvest of 1998. Polyphenols were determined according to a spectrophotometric method, whereas other substrates were analyzed using overpressured-layer chromatography (OPLC). Principal component analyses (PCA) were performed on data matrices consisting of substrates (columns) and different sorts of wines (rows) from the region of Pécs (southern Hungary). It was found that four (unrotated) principal components account for >80% of the total variance in the data. The plots of component loadings showed significant groupings for concentrations of biogenic amines (and polyphenols). Similarly, the component scores grouped according to the different sorts of wines. The loading plots reveal that there is no need to measure all of the variables to achieve the same characterization. It is enough to measure one variable per group. Naturally, this conclusion is valid only within the limits of the present study; wines from other regions may behave differently.     

台湾开发完成猪快速诊断基因芯片

台湾省“农业委员会家畜卫生试验所”最近宣布完成动物快速基因芯片诊断鉴别技术的开发，可在8个小时之内区别诊断口蹄疫等4种猪只水泡性疾病。     

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一种新型鱼饲料添加剂——光养细菌

在商品O.niloticus饲料中添加单细胞的本地生光养菌－－红螺菌，通过对其菌体的营养学评价及毒性检测，可证明这类细菌能作为水产养殖业的饲料添加剂。试验通过对O.niloticus饲喂添加这类细菌的饲料，结果表明：O.niloticus有很高的存活率及很明显的生长率（P＜0．001），这表明红螺菌能作为水产养殖业的饲料添加剂加以应用。     

Ten years of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) control in Norway: a cost-benefit analysis

A retrospective cost-benefit analysis was carried out on the Norwegian bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) control and eradication strategy, for the years 1993-2003. Information regarding the control cost input parameters was gathered from the cattle industry (TINE Norwegian Dairies, GENO Breeding and AI association, and GILDE Norwegian Meat), The National Animal Health Authorities and The Veterinary Institute. We accounted for variable costs (both direct costs associated with the control, and those costs carried by the farmers as a consequence of the control program). The benefit was estimated as the difference between the assumed losses without control - represented overall as 10% increase of the observed 1993 BVD virus infection level - and the observed losses during the control period. An estimate of the financial losses associated with the BVD virus (BVDV) infection was based on studies of the herd level effects on health, reproduction, and production in dairy herds with evidence of recent BVDV infection. We used a stochastic simulation model to account for the total uncertainty in both the control cost and financial loss estimates. The annual net benefits over the 10 years of BVD control were discounted to a 1993 net present value (NPV). The median NPV of the BVD control, nationally, was estimated at 130 million NOK with a distribution of the NPV ranging from +51 to +201 million NOK (5th and 95th percentiles, respectively). Out of the total control costs the farmers and the farmer-owned industries (the co-operatives) had carried about 62% of these costs; however, the farmers were also the main beneficiaries. The Norwegian experience shows a robust cost-efficiency for a BVDV eradication strategy; this stands in sharp contrast to earlier studies where the results were not supportive. Even though every cattle population and country is unique, the Norwegian findings and experiences should have wider implications.