秋耕覆盖对马铃薯生长及水分利用效率的影响

在宁南旱区,采用免耕、深松、翻耕结合秸秆、地膜等覆盖耕作措施,以翻耕不覆盖为对照,研究覆盖耕作模式下休闲期土壤的蓄水保墒效果、马铃薯生育期土壤水分的变化特征及对作物生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:在休闲末期,不同覆盖耕作处理下0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量均比休闲初期明显提高.与翻耕不覆盖处理相比,免耕覆盖地膜、深松覆盖地膜和翻耕覆盖地膜处理0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量分别比对照处理提高7.6%,9.3%和8.0%.马铃薯生育前期,覆盖地膜结合不同耕作措施下0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量最高,生育中后期覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理对0~200 cm土层土壤保水效果最佳.覆盖地膜结合不同耕作处理能促进马铃薯生育前期的生长,生育中后期以覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理促进作用最为显著.不同覆盖耕作处理均能提高马铃薯的产量和水分利用效率,增产效果以免耕覆盖秸秆、深松覆盖秸秆和翻耕覆盖秸秆处理最为显著,分别较对照组增产51.2%,42.8%和35.3%,水分利用效率分别比对照组提高50.0%,42.3%和32.3%.可见,覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理的增产效果和提高水分利用效率最高.     

调亏灌溉和氮处理对小桐子生长及水分利用的影响

为了研究阶段水分亏缺(亏水+不亏水W_LW_H、不亏水+亏水W_HW_L、亏水+亏水W_LW_L、不亏水+不亏水W_HW_H)和不同施氮量(N_Z:0,N_L:0.2 g/kg,N_H:0.4 g/kg)对小桐子生长、生理指标和灌溉水利用效率的影响,通过盆栽试验,发现W_LW_H的生长和灌溉水利用效率均显著高于W_HW_L;作物的灌溉水利用效率随施氮量的增大而呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在N_L水平下达到最大值;与高水高氮的处理N_HW_HW_H相比,中水低氮处理N_LW_LW_H节约灌溉水27%,节约氮肥使用量50%,小桐子株高减少31%、总干物质量减少35%,灌溉水利用效率减少13%,但茎粗增加13%,根冠比增加20%.可见小桐子在第一阶段处理(40~90 d)幼树期对水分的需求量较小,适度的亏缺灌溉可提高灌溉水利用效率;小桐子在第二阶段处理(90~140 d)处于旺长期,对水分的需求量较大,增大灌水量可大幅度促进小桐子生长及其干物质量的积累.全生育期实施亏缺灌溉,可提高小桐子自身适应外界环境能力,抗干旱胁迫能力也逐渐增强,但W_LW_L水平下的小桐子生长缓慢.经综合分析,认为处理N_LW_LW_H可作为干旱地区条件下的小桐子灌溉和施氮制度.     

大型抽水蓄能电站地下厂房环境测试方案

为了评估大型抽水蓄能电站地下厂房温湿度控制的效果,提高运行环境的舒适性及其对机电设备安全性的设计水平,分析了宜兴抽水蓄能电站地下主厂房、母线洞、主变洞、排风道的结构特点,结合地下厂房及主要洞室的通风、内部空气循环以及各自不同的温湿度性能参数分析要求,选用合适的温度、湿度、噪声环境参数测量仪表,分别设计了厂房和不同洞室的通风除湿性能测试方案.经过初步的测试及分析可以得到,选用的测试仪表具有价格适中、精度高和使用方便的特点;制定的测试系统和方案可以全面而系统地测试地下厂房温湿度控制效果.选用的仪器仪表和测试方案结合了厂房和通风空调系统的特点与要求,可以为同类电站通风空调系统测试和性能分析提供参考.     

农田地表径流总磷流失特性试验

为了阐明农田地表径流引起的磷流失的过程和特征,在上海市青浦区一试验田采用不同的施肥方式,通过模拟降雨试验研究地表径流不同阶段中总磷流失状况.结果表明,在降雨-径流-土壤系统中,随着稳定强降雨的持续,总磷在径流前期阶段迅速流失而后期阶段流失较慢,前者的流失强度约为后者的3倍;虽然径流前期总磷流失强度大,但由于其持续时间远小于后期阶段,故后期反而有更大的总磷流失量,约为前期的1.5倍.经计算总磷流失量与径流量相关性系数接近于1,可见二者相关性显著,总磷流失量受径流量影响较大.不同施肥方式下总磷流失状况不同,顺着径流方向施肥会使土壤中的磷素更易于流失,其径流中总磷的峰值浓度约为垂直径流方向施肥时的2.5倍.研究结果对有效控制农田磷流失及相应的水体面源污染具有重要的参考意义.     

气液叉流下受热液膜的热质传递特性

采用VOF两相流模型研究了气液叉流条件下受热液膜热质传递特性,在模型中添加了表面张力源项和气液相间传质源项.为了验证所建立模型的可靠性,采用非接触式红外热成像测温方法,进行了相应的气液叉流试验.对叉流条件下受热液膜热质传递过程进行了试验和模拟计算,结果显示无量纲壁面温度计算结果与试验结果吻合很好.应用所建立的模型,模拟计算并分析了表面张力、固液接触角、液膜流量等因素对液膜流动侧形和热质传递性能的影响,结果表明：在其他参数保持不变的情况下,表面张力从0.014 N／m增大到0.072 N／m的过程中,液膜覆盖面积由82.7％减小到73.2％;固液接触角从30°增大到60°的过程中,液膜覆盖面积由80.6％减小到69.4％;液膜流量越小,液膜厚度越小,越有利于液膜的蒸发;相反,较高的液膜流量会使液膜厚度增大,阻碍了液膜蒸发,从而使外掠过液膜的单位体积空气含湿量减小.     

An evaluation method of design ability usingmental workload assessment

By analyzing the relationship between design ability and design time, mental workload, and design effect, an evaluation method of design ability is proposed. As far as the factors involved in such method are concerned, mental workload is measured by NASATLX (national aeronautics and space administration task load index) scale, design time is acquired with a special program, and design effect is scored by expert. Then, the time spent on new design tasks based on the evaluated ability level is predicted by using support vector machines, which is then compared with real measured time. The result shows that the predicted time is well accorded with the real time, which indicates that the evaluation method of design ability is valid.     

Simulation study of stochastic fluctuating wind field for wind turbine blades

The differences of the wind field model between wind turbines and common architectures are investigated. It is indicated that substantial frequency contents are transferred to rotor rotation frequency and its harmonics due to the periodic motions of blade. According to standard von Karman power spectral density (PSD) model and rotationally sampled PSD model, the PSD matrix for turbulence on blades of wind turbine is setup. The longitudinal turbulence’s time serials is simulated based on the superimposition of harmonic waves.     

Numerical simulation of the influences of catalytic wall on methane combustion characteristics in micro combustor

In order to study the effects of different catalytic walls on combustion characteristics, the premixed catalytic combustion characteristics of methane/air in micro combustor are studied. It lays the foundation for the combustion technology of hydrocarbon fuel in micro engine. Numerical simulation of flow and catalytic combustion in micro combustor was done by using laminar finite rate and second order upwind discretization methods. The results show that when wall temperature,CH4/O2 mole ratio and methane mass flow rate change, the influence of lower catalytic wall on the methane catalytic combustion efficiency is biggest, followed by side catalytic wall, the smallest is upper catalytic wall. The methane catalytic combustion efficiency unit area of lower catalytic wall is about three times of that of upper catalytic wall. The utilization of catalyst on lower catalytic wall is maximal . Therefore, when coating catalyst, the quantity of katalyst on lower catalytic wall should be appropriate more, moderate on the side catalytic wall, as little as possible on the upper catalytic wall. The influence disciplinarian and contribution rate of different catalytic wall on methane combustion have been gained. The optimized strategy of catalyst coating was put forward and reduced the cost of catalytic combustion.     

糯小麦新品系扬05G68配粉对面条品质的影响

为明确糯小麦扬05G68在改善面条品质方面的应用价值,为其推广应用提供依据,利用2种不同筋力市售面粉,研究了添加30%、50%和70%比例的糯小麦扬05G68面粉对干、鲜面条品质指标的影响.结果表明:糯小麦扬05G68面粉添加比例在30%与50%之间能显著改善面条品质;加工成鲜面条时,添加30%糯小麦面粉的面条评分最高;加工成干面条时,添加50%糯小麦面粉的面条评分最高;筋力强的面粉可以适当增加添加比例.     

江苏与山东农村经济比较研究

本研究从江苏与山东两省农村经济的总体发展和结构入手,比较了两省农村经济发展的历史,剖析了区位与交通、自然资源条件、农村劳动力、农业产业化、农业竞争力、外向型农业经济、经济改革措施等影响两省农村经济发展的主要因素,探讨了江苏与山东两省农业和农村经济发展的轨迹、经验和方略,在此基础上有针对性地提出了进一步做大做强两省农村经济的意见和建议.