宁夏生态移民可持续生计问题研究

依据可持续生计分析框架,利用宁夏已搬迁生态移民的实地调查数据,对移民农户的生计资本现状进行研究。结果表明：生态移民存在物质资本积累缺乏、人力资本薄弱、金融资本不足等问题。为了促进移民可持续生计的获得和发展,提出增加移民的物质资本和金融资本,重点着眼于以人力资本为主线的可持续发展能力培育的对策建议。     

劳务移民可持续生计问题研究--以宁夏为例

“十二五”期间宁夏将对34.6万人实施多种模式相结合的生态移民搬迁安置.以宁夏石嘴山劳务移民为研究对象,通过可持续生计框架研究,从自然资本、人力资本、物质资本、金融资本和社会资本5个方面进行移民的可持续生计调查.结果表明：石嘴山劳务移民主要存在受教育程度低、技能水平不高、金融资本和社会资本储备不足等问题,并提出相应的解决对策.     

丝羽乌骨鸡快大型新品系早期生长发育规律及肉用性能的研究

本试验对丝羽乌骨鸡快大型新品系的早期生长发育规律及肉用性能进行了系统的研究。利用Logistic模型确定了快大型新品系丝羽乌骨鸡的生长模型,并以此制定了标准生长曲线。研究结果表明,其生长拐点为:10.5周龄;在14周龄时体重约1.0kg,公、母鸡屠宰率分别达到85.88%、84.12%;胸肌率分别达到17.78%、17.28%;腿肌率分别达到24.38%、22.54%。在14周龄时,为较适合的上市日龄。     

Spatial–temporal variations in biosonar activity of Yangtze finless porpoise in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its correlation with underwater noise: Are quieter non-shipping branches the remaining shelters?

1. Yangtze finless porpoise (YFP) is Critically Endangered, It relies on its biological sonar sensing system for important life activities. The rapid development of the Yangtze valley has brought busy shipping, which has resulted in increased noise.
2. Two locations on the shipping channel and non-shipping branch were selected. Passive acoustic monitoring was used to record the biosonar signals of porpoises and underwater noise. The number of click trains, echolocation encounters, buzzes and buzz ratios were counted and the root mean square sound pressure level of noise was calculated in five diel phases.
3. A non-parametric test was used to analyse the differences among different phases and between different locations. The aim of the study was to detect the spatial and temporal variations in the biosonar activity of YFPs and underwater noise between non-shipping and shipping channels, and to provide scientific advice for YFP conservation.
4. Significant spatial and temporal patterns were observed both in biosonar activity and noise. Average biosonar activity, including click trains, buzzes, buzz ratio and echolocation encounters, was higher in the non-shipping channel than in the shipping channel, whereas the noise level was higher in the shipping channel than in the non-shipping channel.
5. In the non-shipping channel, the buzz numbers and buzz ratios, indicators of porpoise feeding activity, were higher at night than during the day while the noise level was higher during the day than at night.
6. These findings may be associated with the noise avoidance strategies of YFPs to adapt to the busy shipping on the Yangtze River. Maintaining the non-shipping status of some branches of the Yangtze River can provide more shelters for the YFPs. Strengthening the measures for banning navigation at night or reducing the vessel speed at night throughout the entire year would improve the YFPs’ feeding success.

     

Effects of body size and water temperature on food consumption and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) with special reference to aestivation

To investigate the effects of body size and water temperature on feeding and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka), the maximum rate of food consumption in terms of energy (C_maxe; J day^?1) and the specific growth rate in terms of energy (SGRe; % day^?1) in animals of three body sizes (mean±SE) – large (134.0±3.5 g), medium (73.6±2.2 g) and small (36.5±1.2 g) – were determined at water temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Maximum rate of food consumption in terms of energy increased and SGRe decreased with increasing body weight at 10, 15 and 20°C. This trend, however, was not apparent at 25 and 30°C, which could be influenced by aestivation. High water temperatures (above 20°C) were disadvantageous to feeding and growth of this animal; SGRe of A. japonicus during aestivation was negative. The optimum temperatures for food consumption and for growth were similar and were between 14 and 15°C, and body size seemed to have a slight effect on the optimal temperature for food consumption or growth. Because aestivation of A. japonicus was temperature dependent, the present paper also documented the threshold temperatures to aestivation as indicated by feeding cessation. Deduced from daily food consumption of individuals, the threshold temperature to aestivation for large and medium animals (73.3–139.3 g) was 24.5?25.5°C, while that for small animals (28.9–40.7 g) was between 25.5 and 30.5°C. These values are higher than previous reports; differences in sign of aestivation, experimental condition and dwelling district of test animals could be the reasons.     

中国对虾幼体的能量代谢

近年来中国对虾(Penaeus orientalis)工厂化育苗技术的进步,已能使海捕亲虾与养殖越冬亲虾在人工控制的条件下产卵,然而虾卵孵化之后能否健壮地生长以及如何提高变态存活率,幼体的饵料起着关键的作用。生物饵料虽然效果好,但受到培养技术及设备等条件的限制,因此,目前育苗生产中的饵料仍以豆浆、蛋黄为主,辅以少量的生物饲料与配合饵料,以致幼体的抗病力差,变态存活率低。所以研究适合于中国对虾幼体营养需求的配合饵料很重要。至今有关日本对虾幼体营养的研究屡见报导,而中国对虾幼体的营养研究还未有报导。对虾营养的研究方法有分析虾体成分、梯度或正交法设计饲料试验以及能量代谢试验等。周洪琪(1990)通过能量代谢研究中国对虾亲虾的营养。Harris(1959)、Conover     

Life history traits of the sharpbelly Hemiculter leucisculus in a dammed tributary of the middle Yangtze River,China

In this study, we collected 709 specimens of the sharpbelly Hemiculter leucisculus from the Yuanjiang River at monthly intervals between May 2017 and January 2019. An increment was formed annually in the lapillar otoliths, with the formation of annuli occurring between May and August, and peaking in June. Fish spawned from April to October, with a peak period between May and June. The radius of the first annulus varied apparently among individuals, reflecting differences in the duration of the growth period prior to annulus formation owing to extended spawning seasons. Three types of first annulus observed could reflect differences in the periods when the fish were born. The age of sampled fish ranged from 0 to 4 years, among which 1- and 2-year age classes predominated. The mean standard length (SL) at age and growth rate of this population did not differ significantly from those of other native populations. Analysis of life history traits indicated no obvious correlation with either latitude or habitat, whereas SL distribution and age composition were found to vary along a latitudinal gradient. Furthermore, mean SL at age and growth rate showed differences between native and invasive populations. Relatively stable life history traits of this species may explain its dominant status in diverse ecosystems, with plasticity in terms of body size and growth contributing to its successful invasion of different habitats.

     

不同水分处理下液膜覆盖对夏玉米生长及产量的影响

针对塑料地膜对农业生产造成的严重污染问题,运用对照处理方法,探讨了液体地膜覆盖对夏玉米生长发育及产量等方面的影响。结果表明,液膜覆盖使夏玉米株高和茎粗均比对照偏大,其中,低水分处理下差异最为显著。夏玉米叶面积指数低水分处理时液膜覆盖在生育前期较对照偏大,生育后期偏小;而中、高水分下液膜覆盖叶面积指数在整个生育期内均比对照偏大。液膜覆盖使夏玉米光合速率和蒸腾速率显著增大,有利于光合产物的形成。低水分处理下液膜覆盖增产效果最好,增产率达到56.97%,产投比为1.695,高水分下液膜覆盖增产效果最差,增产率仅为15.57%,液膜覆盖产投比小于对照。研究认为,夏玉米液膜覆盖能有效抵抗干旱逆境从而达到节水增产的显著效果。     

近10 a黄河三角洲LUCC及其驱动因素分析

研究滨海脆弱生态区的土地利用/土地覆被时空变化过程,可以为区域土地资源的规划、开发和管理提供科学依据。该文应用遥感和GIS技术,分析黄河三角洲区域1995－2004年间土地利用/土地覆被的时空变化特征,并对区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的驱动因子进行了探讨。结果表明,近10 a来黄河三角洲的土地利用/土地覆被类型发生了复杂变化;黄河三角洲土地利用/土地覆被动态受到自然因素和人类活动的共同作用,而人类活动是近10 a区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的主要驱动因子。尽管近年来黄河三角洲的开发取得了快速发展,但部分人类经济活动给区域土地资源及其生态环境的可持续发展带来巨大压力,甚至导致区域土地质量的进一步退化。     

基于无线传感器网络的奶牛行为特征监测系统设计

奶牛等大型动物的疾病和发情状况目前主要依赖饲养员目测判断,大规模集约化养殖仍采用人工观测方法,这不仅带来繁重的人力负担,也容易误判。为了能自动准确地识别奶牛是否发情或生病,该文提出在奶牛颈部安装无线传感器节点,通过各种传感器获取奶牛的体温、呼吸频率和运动加速度等参数,采用K-均值聚类算法对提取的各种参数进行行为特征多级分类识别,以此建立的动物行为监测系统能准确区分奶牛静止、慢走、爬跨等行为特征,从而可以长时间监测奶牛的健康状态。而且,这种监测系统易于推广到对其他动物的监测,对促进养殖业和畜牧业的发展也具有指导意义。