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71.
Abiotic constraints override biotic constraints in East African highland banana systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lydia W.I. Wairegi Piet J.A. van Asten Moses M. Tenywa Mateete A. Bekunda 《Field Crops Research》2010
Banana is the primary food crop in Uganda, but yields are low due to a complex of abiotic and biotic constraints. However, quantitative information on the importance, interactions, and geographic distribution of yields and constraints is scanty. We monitored yields, biotic and abiotic constraints in 159 plots in Central, South and Southwest Uganda in 2006–2007. About half the plots were on-farm demonstrations that received fertilizer (average 71N, 8P, 32 K kg ha−1 year−1) through a development project, the rest were ordinary farmer fields (i.e. controls). Fresh banana yields in controls were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in Southwest (20 t ha−1 year−1) compared with Central (12 t ha−1 year−1) and South (10 t ha−1 year−1). Demonstrations yielded 3–10 t ha−1 year−1 more than controls. Yield losses were calculated using the boundary line approach. In Central, yield losses, expressed as percentage of attainable yield, were mainly attributed to pests (nematodes 10% loss, weevils – 6%) and suboptimal crop management (mulch 25%). In South, poor soil quality (pH – 21%, SOM – 13%, N-total – 13%, and Clay – 11%) and suboptimal crop management (weeds – 20%) were the main constraints. In Southwest, suboptimal crop management (mulch 16%), poor soil quality (K/(Ca + Mg) − 11%) and low rainfall (5%) were the primary constraints. The study revealed that biotic stresses (i.e. pests, weeds) are particularly important in Central, whereas abiotic stresses (i.e. nutrient deficiencies, drought) dominate in South and Southwest. This study concludes that (i) technologies currently available allow farmers to double yields and (ii) past research efforts have mistakenly neglected abiotic constraints. 相似文献
72.
T. J. Shiferaw K. Moses K. E. Manyahilishal 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(2):193-201
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is the most economically important disease of livestock that still affects extensive areas of the world. This study described the use of participatory appraisal tools such as pair-wise ranking, matrix scoring and proportional piling to assess the perception of livestock keepers about the clinical signs and epidemiological features of cattle diseases with particular emphasis on FMD. Strong agreement among informant groups (W?=?0.710; P?=?0.000) in pair wise ranking indicated that the diseases were common problem to all the selected districts. Matrix scoring of disease indicators/signs also showed strong agreement (W?=?0.504 to 0.955; P?=?0.000) that implied significant current veterinary knowledge by Afar pastoralists. Age specific means of annual incidence rates estimated by proportional piling were significantly (P?<?0.05) different but negatively correlated for FMD, CBPP and pasteurellosis. However, correlation was not significant for anthrax, blackleg and other important diseases. Age specific means of annual mortality was significantly (P?<?0.05) but negatively correlated for FMD, CBPP, pasteurellosis and other important cattle diseases with correlation coefficients of ?0.72, ?0.81, ?0.8 and ?0.55, respectively. However, correlation (r?=?0.12) was not significant for anthrax and not correlated at all for blackleg. This study indicated that pastoralists have detailed knowledge about their livestock health problems, and hence the combined use of participatory appraisal and conventional methods is essential for an ultimate disease control strategy. 相似文献
73.
EK Kang'ethe EK Mulinge RA Skilton M Njahira JG Monda C Nyongesa CK Mbae SK Kamwati 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(Z1):25-31
A total of 1,734 cattle faecal samples from 296 dairy-keeping households were collected from urban settings in Nairobi, Kenya. Modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method and an immunofluorescence assay were used to identify those samples with Cryptosporidium oocyst infection. Oocysts from positive faecal samples were isolated by Sheather's sucrose flotation method and picked from the concentrate using cover slips. Genomic DNA was extracted from 124 of the faecal samples that were positive for Cryptosporidium and was used as template for nested PCR of the 18S rRNA gene. Twenty-five samples (20?%) were PCR-positive for Cryptosporidium, and 24 of the PCR products were successfully cloned and sequenced. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis identified 17 samples (68?%) as Cryptosporidium parvum-like, four samples (16?%) as Cryptosporidium ryanae, three samples (12?%) as Cryptosporidium andersoni and one sample (4?%) as Cryptosporidium hominis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first genotyping study to report C. parvum-like, C. andersoni and C. hominis in cattle from Kenya. The results of this study show Cryptosporidium infections in calves and cattle may be potential zoonotic reservoirs of the parasite that infects humans. 相似文献
74.
Haematological and serum biochemical parameters of West African Dwarf goats fed dried cassava leaves-based concentrate diets 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Oni AO Arigbede OM Sowande OS Anele UY Oni OO Onwuka CF Onifade OS Yusuf KO Dele PA Aderinboye RY 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(3):483-490
The study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding different levels of dried cassava leaves at 0%, 20%, 40% and
60%, respectively, using guinea grass as basal feed, on the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of West African
Dwarf (WAD) goats. The study lasted for 116 days during which haematological and serum biochemical parameters were monitored
in 40 male goats before and after, using a completely randomized design. At the start of the experiment, packed cell volume
(PCV) ranged from 21.5% to 25.5% while haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and RBC significantly (P < 0.01) ranged from 7.3 to 8.6 g/dl and 10.4 to 13.2 × 1012/l, respectively. White blood cells reduced significantly (P < 0.05)) from 16.4 to 11.7 × 109/l) as dried cassava leaves increased in the diets. At the end of the trial, there was a slight increase in the values of
PCV and Hb in the diets (P > 0.05). Lymphocyte reduced significantly (P < 0.05) from 50.0% to 63.5% in the diets. Neutrophils, however, increased (P > 0.05) at the 0% to 40% levels and reduced at the 60% level of dried cassava leaves inclusion. At the start of the experiment,
values for glucose significantly (P < 0.05) ranged from 40.1 to 56.0 mg/dl. Total protein and albumin values ranged significantly (P < 0.05) from 56.0 to 68.5 g/dl and 30.6 to 38.4 g/dl, respectively. At the end of the experiment, serum creatinine increased
significantly (P < 0.05) as the level of dried cassava leaves increased from 0% to 60% in the diets. The study revealed that inclusion of
dried cassava leaves in the diets of West African Dwarf goats had no deleterious effects on the haematological and serum biochemical
parameters of WAD goats and could therefore be included in ruminant diets up to 60%. 相似文献
75.
Moses Adeolu Adebayo Adesike Oladoyin Kolawole Ibraheem Raji Joseph Ajayi 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2017,63(9):1292-1300
The present study aims at identifying potentially high-yielding testcross maize hybrids using different selection indices that consider agronomic traits other than grain yield alone. Forty-one (41) testcross hybrids developed from 20 elite drought-tolerant maize inbred lines and two inbred testers plus three hybrid checks were evaluated in the rainy seasons of 2013 and 2014 in Ogbomoso in the derived savanna agroecological zone of Nigeria. Hybrids were planted in each year in 11 × 4 lattices with two replications. Testcross hybrids and checks exhibited significant differences for all measured traits except ear height, husk cover and number of ears per plant. Grain yield of hybrids and checks averaged over the 2 years varied from 3117 to 8393 kg ha?1 with a mean of 5935 kg ha?1. Top 11 hybrids produced vigorous plants, each yielding >7000 kg ha?1. Base index and multivariate index methods identified EXL11 × 9071 whereas base index and Smith–Hazel selection index methods identified EXL18 × 9071 as superior hybrids at 5% selection intensity. These hybrids will be considered for advanced breeding program and release to farmers as high-yielding drought-tolerant hybrid maize varieties in the increasingly drought-prone derived savanna agroecology of Nigeria. 相似文献
76.
Epizootiology of tuberculosis in starlings 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A A Bickford G H Ellis H E Moses 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1966,149(3):312-318
77.
Thu-Thuy NGUYEN Mono Sophie MOTSIRI Moeti Oriel TAIOE Moses Sibusiso MTSHALI Yasuyuki GOTO Shin-Ichiro KAWAZU Oriel Matlhahane Molifi THEKISOE Noboru INOUE 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2015,77(2):217-220
A total of 231 serum samples were collected from sheep (n=9), goats (n=99) and cattle (n=123) in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trypanosome infection was detected using Trypanosoma brucei brucei crude antigen (TbbCA) and T. congolense crude antigen (TcoCA) ELISA assays. Recombinant antigen (T. evansi GM6 which consisted of 4 repeat domains, TeGM6-4r) ELISA and immunochromatographic test (ICT) were also used. Crude antigen ELISA, TeGM6-4r-ELISA and ICT detected 27.3%, 29% and 19.9% of trypanosome seropositive samples, respectively. Trypanosome infection prevalence in cattle and goats was 35.8–46.3% and 0–9.1%, respectively. Out of 9 sheep serum samples, 2–4 sera (22.2–44.4%) were positive. The detection performance of crude and recombinant antigen ELISAs was relatively similar (K=0.6–0.7); both are recommended for reference diagnosis and large scale epidemiological surveys. There is potential application for ICT in
on-site diagnosis, but its sensitivity should be improved. 相似文献
78.
B L Moses G L Spaulding 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1985,15(5):929-948
This discussion of chronic bronchial disease in the cat includes a discussion of the functional anatomy and physiology of the feline lung, the immunologic aspects of the disease, the role of infections, and particulate aerosols and noxious gases in the etiology and clinical course of feline asthma and chronic bronchitis, and the pathology and diagnosis of chronic bronchitis. 相似文献
79.
Striga
hermonthica (striga) weed is a major threat to crop production in sub-Saharan Africa, and short duration improved fallow species have
recently been found to reduce the effects of this weed because of their ability to replenish soil nitrogen. The objective
of this study was to compare the efficacy and profitability of coppicing improved fallow species (Gliricidia sepium [gliricidia], Leucaena trichandra [leucaena] and Calliandra calothyrsus [calliandra]) and non-coppicing species (Sesbania sesban [sesbania], Mucuna pruriens [mucuna], and Tephrosia vogelii [tephrosia]), in controlling striga. Natural fallow and a sole maize crop were included as control treatments. The fallow
treatments were split into two and either fertilized with N or unfertilized. The results showed that coppicing fallows produced
higher biomass than non-coppicing fallows. For example, Callindra (coppicing fallow species) produced 19.5 and 41.4 Mg ha−1 of leafy and woody biomass, respectively after four cumulative harvests as compared with Sesbania (non-coppicing species),
which produced only 2.3 and 5.9 Mg ha−1 leaf and woody biomass, respectively. Improved fallows reduced striga population in proportion to the amount of leafy biomass
incorporated into the soil (r = 0.87). N application increased cumulative maize yield by between 15–28% in improved fallow
systems and by as much as 51–83% in the control treatments. Added total costs of the coppicing fallows did not differ significantly
from those of the non-coppicing fallows and control treatments. However, the added net benefits of the coppicing fallows were
significantly higher (US$ 527 for +N and 428 for −N subplots; P < 0.01) than those of the non-coppicing fallows (US$ 374 for +N and 278 for −N), and the least for the control treatments.
The most profitable fallow system was Tephrosia with net added benefits of US$ 453.5 ha−1 season−1 without N, and US$ 586.7 ha−1 season−1 with added N. 相似文献
80.
Savage VM White EP Moses ME Ernest SK Enquist BJ Charnov EL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5771):198; author reply 198
Nee et al. (Reports, 19 August 2005, p. 1236) used a null model to argue that life history invariants are illusions. We show that their results are largely inconsequential for life history theory because the authors confound two definitions of invariance, and rigorous analysis of their null model demonstrates that it does not match observed data. 相似文献