复合结构磁流变减振器设计与特性分析

当磁流变减振器半主动功能失效时,为保持其阻尼性能仍具一定的自调节性或实际路况不需无级调节时,节省不必要的能耗,提出用于车辆半主动悬挂系统的被动与半主动功能自动切换的复合结构磁流变减振器。针对其复合结构,根据磁流变流体的本构方程、流体力学和电磁场理论建立阻尼特性模型和可控性能模型,并应用磁流变特性将复杂的阻尼性能模型进行简化以利于结构设计,同时依据优化设计方法实现了半主动和被动结构的协调一致。以实例仿真分析验证了其可控性能。     

新型曲柄连杆机构运动学模型的研究

提出一种用于内燃机的新型曲柄连杆机构,建立了该机构的运动学数学模型,并编制了计算机程序。根据程序输出结果对新型曲柄连杆机构的活塞运动规律进行了重点分析。结果发现,经过改进的新型曲柄连杆机构具有明显的活塞运动的非对称性,并简析了这种新特性有可能对内燃机工作过程产生的影响。     

基于LF-NMR及不同干燥方法的哈密瓜片含水率预测模型

为建立稳健、适用范围更广的哈密瓜片含水率预测模型,采用不同干燥方法(热风干燥(Hot Air drying,HA)和红外辐射干燥(Infrared drying,IR)),在相同温度水平下(50、60、70℃)对哈密瓜片进行干燥,采用低场核磁共振技术(Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,LF-NMR)对比分析干燥过程的水分迁移规律及2种干燥方法间的差异,并结合化学计量学方法建立含水率预测模型。结果表明:无论HA还是IR,一定温度范围内高温有利于提高干燥速率,缩短干燥时间;且IR与HA相比干燥时间缩短20.0%~37.5%。经LF-NMR分析,在HA和IR过程中,自由水峰面积逐渐降低,不易流动水峰面积及结合水峰面积呈波动变化;自由水峰顶横向弛豫时间不断降低,不易流动水峰顶横向弛豫时间因干燥方式和干燥温度的差异呈不同的变化趋势;与HA过程中结合水峰顶横向弛豫时间逐渐降低不同,其在IR干燥初期短暂上升,后呈下降趋势。基于HA、IR数据集结合化学计量学方法建立的哈密瓜片含水率预测模型中,偏最小二乘回归(Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR)模型具有更好的性能,模型预测决定系数R_P² 大于0.99,表明PLSR结合LF-NMR可实现哈密瓜片含水率的快速检测,且不受干燥方法不同引起水分状态差异的影响。研究结果为基于LF-NMR和多加工手段的果蔬含水率预测模型的建立提供参考。     

高压均质-冷冻干燥技术制备大豆分离蛋白微粒及其功能特性

为了进一步改善大豆分离蛋白的分散性及功能性质,该研究以大豆分离蛋白为原料,通过对天然大豆分离蛋白进行高压高剪切处理并联合冷冻干燥技术,制备大豆分离蛋白微粒,考察压力(60～100 MPa)对大豆分离蛋白微粒尺寸、功能性质及结构特性的影响,探究其构效关系。结果表明:随着压力逐渐增加,大豆分离蛋白平均粒径大幅度减小,粒径分布曲线向左侧移动,与天然大豆分离蛋白相比,在100 MPa时大豆分离蛋白粒径减小了1 631%,粒径曲线分布较宽。在60～100MPa压力范围内随着压力的增加。与天然大豆分离蛋白相比,大豆分离蛋白微粒的分散性指数(Protein Dispersibility Index, PDI)和功能性质均显著提高(P0.05),其中在100 MPa时大豆蛋白质的溶解性提高了172.98%,乳化活性和乳化稳定性分别增加了约28.71%和77.82%,持油性增加了约123.76%,起泡性随时间的变化其泡沫高度也均有所提高。由扫描电镜图可以观察到,未经过高压均质的大豆分离蛋白粒子呈聚集状态,球状的表面向内凹陷,经过高压均质联合冷冻干燥处理后的大豆分离蛋白微粒呈现网络结构。在高压和高剪切力的作用下,大豆分离蛋白微粒的疏水基团大量暴露,表面疏水性随之增加,静电斥力增加,α-螺旋和β-转角向β-折叠和无规则卷曲结构的转化是蛋白质的溶解性等功能性质提高的主要原因。溶解性等功能性质的提高有利于大豆分离蛋白更好的应用于食品加工行业,进一步为蛋白的理化性质及结构优化提供新思路。     

云南省老山自然保护区地貌特征及其对土地利用类型分布的影响

[目的] 研究云南省老山自然保护区的地貌特征及其对土地利用的影响,为该区及类似保护区资源环境管理和生物多样性保护提供支撑。[方法] 以滇东南老山自然保护区为例,基于12.5 m分辨率的DEM数据,将野外地质地貌调查与数字地形分析相结合,选择海拔、起伏度、坡度、坡向、面积—高程积分、地形剖面等揭示该区地貌特征,选择地形位指数、分布指数等定量化指标探讨地貌特征对土地利用类型的影响。[结果] ①保护区共有3个山地海拔类型、6个坡度等级、6个基本地貌类型和具有南北差异的坡向分布特征,这些地形因子进一步在碳酸盐岩和花岗岩等岩性基础上发生分异。②在地形因子和构造、岩性综合作用下,保护区内各子流域的面积—高程积分值在0.279～0.763,平均值为0.501,保护区整体处于地貌演化的壮年早期阶段,在子流域尺度上则表现出幼年期、壮年期和老年期地貌多样共存的空间格局。③随着海拔、坡度和地形位指数梯度的增大以及坡向由阳坡向阴坡的转变,以人为因素占主导的土地利用类型逐渐丧失优势地位,进而被以自然过程为主导的土地利用类型所替代。[结论] 独特的地貌空间格局特征和丰富的生境类型既是保护区生物多样性的重要支撑,也是土地利用类型空间配置形成的重要原因。     

The validation of a gully headcut retreat model in short-term scale based on an in-situ experiment in dry-hot valley

Purpose

How to predict gully erosion rates was one of the most important issues at present. A model implemented in the Channel Hillslope Integrated Landscape Development (CHILD) model based on the shape factor (S_f) of the plunge pools, which successfully predicted the headcut retreat rates over a long timescale. But whether this model was also valid in the short-term scale? What factors affected the prediction effects of the model? These issues still need evaluation.

Material and method

Four gully head plots with consistent initial topography and soil types were constructed for conducting in-situ scouring experiments with different flow discharges. Eighteen tests were conducted in each plot to monitor the plunge pool growth and headcut retreat rates using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to create high-precision topographic data.

Results and discussion

The topographic parameters of the plunge pools generally increased with scouring duration and were strongly correlated with the total runoff energy consumption (0.55 < R² < 0.92, P < 0.01). In contrast, headcut retreat was an intermittent process that suddenly migrated in a short time after relatively long stable periods lasting from 20 to 130 min. The relationships between the headcut retreat rates and total energy consumption were weaker than those with the plunge pools.

Conclusion

As the timescale shortened, the contribution of mass failure due to gravity to headcut migration significantly increased, leading to the pool effects of the model to influence the prediction of the gully headcut retreat rates, which assumed that flow hydraulics were the key dynamics.

     

Potential N mineralization and availability to maize in black soils in response to soil fertility improvement in Northeast China

Purpose

Understanding the soil nitrogen (N) mineralization potential (N₀) and crop N availability during the growing season is essential for improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and preventing over-fertilization, which lead to negative environmental impacts.

Methods

Five black soils with different levels of fertility were selected in Northeast China. The N₀ and kinetics of these soils were estimated through laboratory experiments at different incubation temperatures (15, 25, and 35 °C). N mineralization dynamics were simulated using field soil temperature according to the incubation results. Moreover, the N uptake dynamics of maize were simulated according to the literature.

Results

Compared with the very low-fertility soils, the cumulative mineralized nitrogen increased under all incubation temperatures (15, 25, and 35 °C), by 48–136%, 8–61%, and 24–59%, respectively, in the medium- and high-fertility soils. The highest N₀ values (96.90, 115.31, and 121.33 mg/kg at the three different temperatures) were recorded in the very high-fertility soils. The soil N mineralization dynamics and N uptake of maize in the growing season were highly consistent over time, although the soil N supply could not meet the maize growth requirements. The higher the soil fertility, the lower the N fertilizer requirement.

Conclusions

Different fertilizer strategies were developed based on the cumulative mineralized N, N uptake by maize, and NUE in soils with different fertility levels. We suggested a reduction of 50–65 kg N/ha in N fertilizer in the two highest fertility soils. This study provided basic data to reduce chemical N fertilizer to improve NUE and reduce negative environmental impacts.

     

关于构建现代农业科研院所和谐劳动关系的几点思考

文章围绕构建现代农业科研院所和谐劳动关系进行研究,阐述了构建和谐劳动关系的基本内涵, 指出了构建和谐劳动关系对于农业科研单位的重要意义,重点说明了构建和谐劳动关系对于该院创新工程 顺利实施的重要意义。通过大量数据分析出中国农业科学院劳动关系及其调整的现状和发展趋势,指出多 元化、契约化、市场化、法制化、国际化的趋势为中国农业科学院和谐劳动关系的构建提出了更高的要求。 在综合分析的基础上,进而提出构建农业科研院所和谐劳动关系的基本思路和构建农业科研院所和谐劳动 关系的具体措施。     

精确农业背景下我国农业机械发展趋势

精确农业是世界农业发展的新潮流,是传统农业发展的必然趋势。为此,讲述了我国发展精确农业的必要性,并简单说明了国外智能农业机械的发展现状及趋势;分析了我国精确农业背景下的农业机械化发展存在的问题,对比国外精确农业的发展并结合我国基本国情,对我国新形势下的智能农业机械发展提出意见。     

环模式秸秆压块机的设计与性能试验

介绍了环模式秸秆压块机工作原理、结构设计及其性能试验。通过对环模式秸秆压块机关键部件进行设计,在不同的磨辊间隙下进行主轴转速与生产率、成型率以及单位能耗试验研究。结果表明：主轴转速增大,生产率增大,吨料能耗减小;但转速进一步提高,生产率会变小,吨料电耗增大;磨辊间隙过大,生产率减小,间隙过小,模辊磨损加剧。当磨辊间隙为5 mm、主轴转速为165 r/min时,压块机的生产率、吨料电耗和关键部件耐磨性都最优。