Immunoadjuvant effects of bacterial genomic DNA and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides on avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 inactivated oil emulsion vaccine in chicken

This study investigated the immunoadjuvant effects of three types of bacterial genomic DNA and CpG oligonucleotides (CpG ODN) on the avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1 inactivated oil emulsion vaccine under two immunization strategies. The genomic DNA extracted from Escherichia coli O₂, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis FQ68, and synthetic CpG ODN were used as adjuvants, and their effects on the AIV oil emulsion vaccine were examined in chickens. The results indicated that when administered separately from the vaccine, adjuvants induced lower haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres and serum IgG titres but resulted in higher concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-10. In contrast, when combined with the oil emulsion vaccine prior to inoculation, CpG ODN induced higher HI, IgG titres and IFN-γ concentration but resulted in lower IL-10 concentration. These data suggest that, depending on the immunization approaches, adjuvants may exert distinct immune effects in chickens receiving AIV H5N1 oil emulsion vaccine: the prior incorporation of CpG ODN into the vaccine may augment both the humoral and Th1 type immune responses, while separate inoculation of adjuvants has not shown better adjuvanticity.     

Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) integrins αvβ3 and αvβ6 as FMDV receptors: Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and comparison with other species

Integrins are heterodimeric adhesion receptors that participate in a variety of cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix protein interactions. Many integrins recognize RGD sequences displayed on extracellular matrix proteins and the exposed loops of viral capsid proteins. Four members of the αv integrin family of cellular receptors, αvβ3, αvβ6, αvβ1 and αvβ8, have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in vitro, and integrins are believed to be the receptors used to target epithelial cells in the infected animals. To analyse the roles of the αv integrins from a susceptible species as viral receptors, we have cloned Bactrian camel αv, β3 and β6 integrin cDNAs and compared them to those of other species. The coding sequences for Bactrian camel integrin αv, β3 and β6 were found to be 3165, 2289 and 2367 nucleotides in length, encoding 1054, 762 and 788 amino acids, respectively. The Bactrian camel αv, β3 and β6 subunits share many structural features with homologues of other species, including the ligand binding domain and cysteine-rich region. Phylogenetic trees and similarity analyses showed the close relationships of integrin genes from Bactrian camels, pigs and cattle, which are each susceptible to FMDV infection, that were distinct from the orders Rodentia, Primates, Perissodactyla, Carnivora, Galliformes and Xenopus. We postulate that host tropism of FMDV may in part be related to the divergence in integrin subunits among different species.     

制备奶牛子宫内膜炎中药栓剂的优选方案研究

以中药制剂栓的色泽、不溶物、融变时限为标准,运用正交试验的方法优选治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎中药栓的制备方案.结果优选出的方案为聚乙二醇(PEG)1500 5g、PEG6000 25g,中药混合提取物6g,此方案稳定可行,并且由此制得的中药栓各项指标均符合药典规定.     

泰山典型林分的林冠截留特征

 应用相关分析方法对泰山罗汉崖林场9个典型林分类型的林冠截留特征进行研究。结果表明:林内降雨量与林外降雨量呈很好的线性关系,林冠截留量与林外降雨量呈较好的对数关系;9个典型林分类型对降雨的截留能力为五角枫>麻栎+黑松>15 a麻栎>刺槐>50 a麻栎>黄连木>黄连木+刺槐>侧柏>黑松;7个典型林分类型形成树干径流的能力为15 a麻栎>50 a麻栎>黄连木>五角枫>黑松>刺槐>侧柏;各林分类型总体产生林内降雨的林外降雨量临界值为6.28 mm。     

重庆市四面山不同森林类型林冠的截留作用

 通过对重庆市四面山6种不同森林类型(温性针叶林、暖性针叶林、落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、暖性竹林)最大容水量和林冠截留率的测定,研究了不同森林类型林冠截留作用的差异。结果表明:1)温性针叶林和暖性针叶林较其他4种森林类型具有更高的单位面积林冠最大容水量及林冠平均截留率,表现出较强的林冠截留功能;2)影响植物群落林冠最大容水量的主要因素为郁闭度及单位面积枝叶质量,呈正相关关系;3)影响各森林类型林冠截留率的主要因素为降水量、降水强度以及林冠枝叶干燥程度,随降水量或降水强度的增加,不同森林类型的林冠截留能力表现出不同程度的降低;枝叶干燥程度对不同森林类型截留能力的影响也有明显的区别。     

Soil soluble organic carbon and nitrogen pools under mono- and mixed species forest ecosystems in subtropical China

Purpose  

The objective of the present study was to assess the differences in soil total C and N, microbial biomass C and N, soil soluble organic C and N among eight mono- and mixed species forest ecosystems (18-year-old restoration) in subtropical China.     

Soil microbial biomass, activity and community composition in adjacent native and plantation forests of subtropical Australia

Purpose

Soil nitrogen (N) availability is a critical determinant of plantation productivity in subtropical Australia and is influenced by the soil microbial community. The size, structure and function of the soil microbial community can be impacted by land-use change and residue management. The objectives of this study were to examine the impact of land-use change from (1) native forest (NF) to first rotation (1R) hoop pine plantation and (2) 1R hoop pine plantation to second rotation (2R) hoop pine plantation on the soil microbial community. The impact of residue management on the soil microbial community was also investigated in the 2R forest, where soil microbial parameters were measured in tree rows (2R-T) and windrows (2R-W). In addition, relationships between soil microbial parameters and soil N parameters were investigated.

Materials and methods

Each of the four treatments (NF, 1R, 2R-T and 2R-W) had five 24-m² replicate plots from which 15 soil cores were collected and bulked at three depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–30 cm). Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and N (MBN) and soil respiration were measured on field moist soils. In addition, carbon (C) source utilisation patterns were assessed using the whole soil MicroResp? technique (Campbell et al. 2003).

Results and discussion

Results indicate that the land-use change from NF to 1R hoop pine plantation significantly reduced MBC, respiration rate, soil total C and total N. Furthermore, the land-use change appeared to have a significant impact on the soil microbial community composition measured using MicroResp? profiles. Land-use change from 1R to 2R hoop pine plantation resulted in a decline in total C and MBN and a shift in microbial community composition. When compared to the 2R-T soils, the 2R-W soils tended to have a greater microbial biomass and respiration rate. Residue management also influenced the microbial community composition measured in the MicroResp? profiles.

Conclusions

Results indicate that land-use change had a significant impact on the soil microbial community, which was likely to be related to shifts in the quality and quantity of organic inputs associated with the change in land use. This may have significant implications for the long-term productivity of the soil resource. Further studies are required to confirm a difference in microbial community composition associated with residue management. In addition, long-term experiments in subtropical Australia are necessary to verify the results of this snapshot study and to improve our understanding of the impact of single-species plantation forestry and residue management on the soil microbial community, soil N dynamics and ultimately the long-term sustainability of the soil resource.     

夏播大豆生育期结构和产量构成因素的关系

生育期是影响大豆产量和品质的因素之一,本文对北京地区选育的146个夏播大豆品种(系)的生育期结构与产量构成因素和品质性状的关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)R1为26-32d、R7为20-24 d、R8为2-6 d时及全生育期相对较长的品种产量较高;(2)R1在30 d左右,R7在10 d左右,R8在18 d左右,全生育期在90 d左右的品种蛋白质含量较高;(3)R7为7-10 d,R8为16-20 d的品种脂肪含量较高。     

Assessment of the heterosis of F1 hybrids of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Paramisgurnus dabryanus using microsatellite-based parentage assignment

Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Paramisgurnus dabryanus hybrids were generated via full diallel crosses between the Meishan (M_M) and Fuyang (M_F) populations of M. anguillicaudatus and Meishan (P_M) and Ziyang (P_Z) populations of P. dabryanus. The purebred and hybrid offspring were co-cultured in a pool for 4 months, and 96.5% of the offspring could be assigned to a single parental pair based on nine potentially cross-species polymorphic microsatellites. The average body weight (BW) of the P_M × P_Z (female × male, in this order hereafter) hybrids was the highest (4.88 g), followed by that of the P_Z × P_M and P_M × P_M hybrids. The general combining abilities (GCA) of BW from both the sires and dams of P_M and P_Z were high, and that from M_M and M_F were low. The specific combining ability (SCA) of P_M × P_Z was the largest (16.61), followed by that of P_Z × P_M, M_F × M_M, and M_M × M_F (?15.89). The combination of M_F × P_M, M_F × P_Z, and P_M × M_F showed > 10% heterosis. This is the first study to use microsatellite-based parentage assignment in hybrid fish and lays foundation for loach crossbreeding.

     

银杏叶提取物对鲤生长性能、抗氧化功能和免疫相关基因表达的影响

为探讨日粮中添加不同水平的银杏叶提取物(Ginkgo bioba extract, GBE)对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)生长性能、血清生化指标、抗氧化功能、细胞色素酶以及免疫相关基因表达的影响, 在基础饲料中分别添加不同含量的银杏叶提取物[0 (对照组)、0.5 g/kg、1.0 g/kg、5.0 g/kg]投喂鲤 60 d。饲喂实验结束后, 称重并采集血液、肝脏、肠道、 鳃和肌肉组织, 检测相关生化指标以及基因表达的变化。结果表明: 与对照组相比, 饲料中添加不同水平 GBE 对鲤生长性能和饵料系数均未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。血清生化数据显示: 饲料中添加 GBE 显著提高了总蛋白(TP) 含量, 而降低了葡萄糖(Glu)和皮质醇(cortisol)水平(P<0.05), 但对总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT) 和谷草转氨酶(AST)含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。抗氧化参数表明: 与对照组相比, 日粮中添加 GBE 对血清、肝脏、 肠道、鳃和肌肉中丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著影响(P>0.05), 但肝脏中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD) 和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量均显著升高。同时, 1.0 g/kg GBE 显著提高了肠道和鳃 T-AOC 含量(P<0.05); 5.0 g/kg GBE 显著提高了鳃 GSH 含量(P<0.05)。基因表达结果显示: 与对照组相比, 饲料中添加 GBE 能显著诱导肝脏和肠道中 cyp3a 基因表达, 而下调 cyp1a 和 cyp1b 基因表达; 同时, 肝脏和肠道中免疫相关基因(c3 和 c-lyz)表达量在 1.0 g/kg GBE 添加组中显著上调(P<0.05)。综上所述, GBE 作为饲料添加剂不能改善鲤的生长性能和饵料系数, 但可以增强鲤的抗应激、抗氧化能力和免疫相关基因的表达, 并且未对鲤产生肝毒性, 鲤饲料中 GBE 建议添加量为 1.0 g/kg。