蚯蚓发酵液对果蔬品质的影响

为探索蚯蚓发酵液对果蔬品质的影响,以番茄、黄瓜、辣椒、枸杞、葡萄、西瓜和甜瓜为材料,设置不施肥（CK1）、单施化肥（CK2）、施用蚯蚓发酵液（T）3种施肥处理,测定了维生素C（V_c）、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、有机酸等果蔬营养品质指标和硝酸盐含量。结果表明：施用蚯蚓发酵液可显著增加7种果蔬的V_c、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量,显著降低有机酸和硝酸盐含量,即蚯蚓发酵液有利于营养品质的形成,并能改善果蔬的适口性。     

化肥减施对小麦-高粱系统土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响

当前我国农户的肥料施用量已远超全球平均水平,所造成的土壤退化问题十分严重,因此控制我国肥料施用量已经迫在眉睫。研究肥料减施对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响,设置农户常规用量（CK）、常规用量的75%（UA_75%）、常规用量的50%（UA_50%）、常规用量的25%（UA_25%）4个处理,通过对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性分析得出：短期化肥减施对机械稳定性团聚体分布几乎无影响,但显著增加了水稳性大团聚体（粒径>0.25mm）的数量。短期化肥减施对机械稳定性团聚体的平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）和分形维数（D）均无显著影响。UA_25%和 UA_50%处理增加了水稳性团聚体的MWD和GMD,降低了D值和团聚体破坏率（PAD）,提高了稳定率（WSAR）。肥料减施显著降低了冬小麦产量,而UA_50%和UA_75%处理对夏高粱产量的影响并不明显。综上所述,UA_50%处理能提高小麦-高粱系统的土壤团聚体稳定性、保证夏高粱产量,但肥料减施显著降低了冬小麦产量。     

北部冬麦区冬小麦区试品种（系）的稳定性和适应性分析

为客观准确地评价区域试验中北部冬麦区冬小麦新品种（系）的丰产性和稳产性,以2014-2015年度国家北部冬麦区水地组冬小麦品种（系）区域试验产量数据为资料,应用AMMI模型对小区产量的基因型、环境和基因型与环境（G×E）互作进行了研究。结果表明,稳定性最好的为农大3486、京农12-79,较好的有科遗4174、长6794、中麦93,较差的为航麦109、晋太102、众信7198;试点以天津武清、山西榆次、新疆阿拉尔、河北遵化、山西屯玉分辨力较高,河北固安、河北滦县、北京顺义、北京昌平分辨力较低。在对区域试验中品种（系）稳定性和试点的分辨力进行判定时,综合使用双标图和稳定性参数两种方法,既直观又准确。     

Identification of Pathogenicity Defective Mutants from a T-DNA Insertion Mutant Library of Verticillium dahliae

[Objective] Our research aimed to identify pathogenicity defective mutants from a T-DNA insertion mutant library of Verticillium dahliae strain Vd991 and to analyze pathogenicity-related genes. [Method] In total, 294 T-DNA insertion mutants of V. dahliae were tested for their virulence using a cotton infection assay. Southern blot assays were performed to identify the T-DNA insertion copy number of each pathogenicity defective mutant. DNA sequences flanking the T-DNA insertional sites of each mutant were analyzed by high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR. [Result] Based on the virulence assay, the disease indices of cotton plants inoculated with each mutant decreased very significantly in comparison with the index of those inoculated with Vd991. The Southern blot assay revealed that only one mutant contained two T-DNA insertions, while the remaining eight mutants harbored a single T-DNA insert. An analysis of biological characteristics found that the growth and conidial production of these mutants were impaired by the T-DNA insertions compared with the wild type Vd991. The T-DNAs' insertion position and distribution in each mutant were identified by comparison with genome sequences of strain VdLs.17. Furthermore, the pathogenicity-related genes were cloned from strain Vd991. [Conclusion] The screening and identification of T-DNA insertion mutants is an effective method to identify the pathogenicity-related genes of V. dahliae on a genome-wide scale. This laid a foundation for the further breeding of disease-resistant cotton varieties and will promote the study of the pathogenic molecular mechanisms of V. dahliae.     

植物-植食性昆虫互作关系中早期信号事件研究进展

诱导防御反应的产生取决于植物对植食性昆虫相关信号迅速和准确地识别。在植物与植食性昆虫互作过程中,早期信号事件是负责植物识别和触发下游信号转导途径的最早反应,它们发生在植物防御相关基因表达和防御相关代谢物产生之前,对植物的防御过程至关重要。本文将植物与植食性昆虫互作的早期事件,包括植物对植食性昆虫的感知、电信号和Ca~(2+)信号的产生和转导,活性氧的迸发以及促细胞分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号级联途径等研究进展进行了综述,并提出今后的研究重点与方向,促进对植物诱导防御反应调控网络的研究,以期为改进农业害虫的治理提供重要的理论和技术支撑。     

Baseline sensitivity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora capsici</Emphasis> to the strobilurin fungicide benzothiostrobin and the efficacy of this fungicide

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) has seriously threatened global banana production. Recently, identification of Foc TR4 in the Caribbean and Mozambique has aroused widespread concern because it may be directly related to food security for millions of people in Africa and Latin America. To identify a resistant or highly resistant germplasm, 129 accessions were evaluated for Foc TR4 resistance in greenhouses and 100 of them were also assessed in the field. In total, 10 accessions were highly resistant (HR) to Foc TR4; these include four from the AA group, two from the BB group, one of the East African highland bananas (EAHBs), two plantains, and one from wild relatives of banana. Of these, Pahang (AA), Calcutta 4 (AA), and Musa itinerans exhibited the highest degree of resistance with an index of disease (ID2) less than 10, and Foc TR4 could not infect any of them in the field. Furthermore, 31 accessions from AA, AB, AAB, AAAB, and ABB groups and wild relatives were identified as a resistant (R) germplasms. All tested EAHBs and plantains exhibited resistance or high resistance to Foc TR4 infection. Our results provide valuable genetic resources for banana breeding and for studying the mechanisms underlying Fusarium wilt resistance. Furthermore, evaluation of EAHBs and plantains provided a rational for local banana producers and researchers to grow EAHBS and plantains.     

Highly specific assays to detect isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum directly from plant material

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is responsible for bacterial canker of kiwifruit. Biovar 3 of Psa (Psa3) has been causing widespread damage to yellow‐ and green‐fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) cultivars in all the major kiwifruit‐producing countries in the world. In some areas, including New Zealand, P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum (Pfm), another bacterial pathogen of kiwifruit, was initially classified as a low virulence biovar of Psa. Ability to rapidly distinguish between these pathovars is vital to the management of bacterial canker. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) data were used to develop PCR assays to specifically detect Psa3 and Pfm from field‐collected material without the need to culture bacteria. Genomic data from 36 strains of Psa, Pfm or related isolates enabled identification of areas of genomic variation suitable for primer design. The developed assays were tested on 147 non‐target bacterial species including strains likely to be found in kiwifruit orchards. A number of assays did not proceed because although they were able to discriminate between the different Psa biovars and Pfm, they also produced amplicons from other unrelated bacteria. This could have resulted in false positives from environmental samples, and demonstrates the care that is required when applying assays devised for pure cultures to field‐collected samples. The strategy described here for developing assays for distinguishing strains of closely related pathogens could be applied to other diseases with characteristics similar to Psa.     

Artificial diet based investigation on the impact of purified Cry1Ac,Cry1Fa and Cry2Ab on the survival and reproductive performance of adult green lacewing, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysopa pallens</Emphasis> (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

The green lacewing Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is a common and abundant predator in many cropping systems in palearctic realm and it’s conservation is helpful in sustainable pest management in agro-ecosystem. Prior to commercialization of Bt crops in any agro- ecosystem, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of Cry proteins upon non-target organisms especially biological control agents (BCA). In present study an artificial diet consisting of shrimp, beef, beef liver and egg yolk was developed to mass-rear C. pallens for its use as biological control agents in sustainable pest management. Moreover, an artificial diet based risk assessment protocol was developed to investigate the impact of Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa and Cry2Ab on the survival and reproductive performance of C. pallens adults. C. pallens was fed on diets incorporated with Cry proteins and without addition of Cry proteins (control). The same diet containing boric acid was served as a positive control. Temporal stability, bioactivity and intake of Cry proteins by C. pallens were confirmed using double-antibody sandwich, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and bioactivity verification bioassays. Survival and reproductive performance of C. pallens, e.g., pre-oviposition period, daily fecundity, total fecundity and 30-day old adults dry weights, exhibited non-significant differences (p?>?0.05) for the diets containing Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa and Cry2Ab (50 μg/g) against Control. However, significant reduction in survival and reproductive performance (p?<?0.05) was observed in positive control. Our findings reveal that artificial diet is a good source of nutritional requirement with enhanced survival and reproductive performance of C. pallens and can be used for mass rearing of predator in case of natural diet scarcity and Cry proteins are safe for adult C. pallens and Bt crops cultivation help in predators conservation in sustainable agriculture.     

荸荠枯萎病发生动态及防治技术

荸荠枯萎病在我国各个荸荠Eleocharis dulcis产区普遍发生,是影响荸荠产量的重要病害。为有效防治该病害,于2010—2012年调查了湖北省荸荠枯萎病的田间发生动态,并进行了荸荠品种抗病性评价、室内药剂筛选及药剂处理球茎盆栽和田间试验。3年田间病情调查结果表明,荸荠枯萎病于8月中旬开始发生,8下旬—9月上旬温度适宜,病害开始缓慢增长;9月下旬—10月中旬为该病发生的高峰期;病情指数均与温度呈显著负相关,但各年份的病情指数与相对湿度和降雨量均无显著相关性。沙洋荠、肇庆荠、韶关马坝荠、桂林荠-1品种对荸荠枯萎病有较强的抗性。10%苯醚甲环唑、25%多菌灵、40%氟硅唑和25%嘧菌酯4种药剂处理球茎均有利于荸荠出苗。经多菌灵和氟硅唑处理的球茎假植到大田2个月后对荸荠枯萎病仍有一定的防治效果,防治效果分别为22.3%和27.0%,而嘧菌酯和苯醚甲环唑对该病基本无防治效果。