不同留杈部位和追肥次数对早花烤烟品质的影响

以烤烟品种云烟97为材料,采取留杈部位和追肥次数双因子设计,留杈部位为正常打顶往下第2(D2)、4(D4)、6(D6)片叶处留杈,追肥次数设3个水平:追肥1次(Z1)、2次(Z2)、3次(Z3),以正常打顶不留杈、追肥一次作为对照(CK),共设10个处理。结果表明,D2Z2烟株生长发育良好,田间病虫害发生较少,化学成分更趋协调,吸食品质好,烟叶单产值、烟叶均值产指、级指、上等烟比例、中上等烟比例均较其它处理好。说明适度留杈并分次追肥能够有效降低早花对当地烟株的影响,是出现早花现象后对烟株产量和质量的有效弥补措施。     

攀西地区烤烟质量评价指标典型相关分析

以四川省主产烟区攀枝花和凉山州2012年的72份红花大金元烤烟样品中部叶为供试材料,应用典型相关分析方法分析了烟叶外观质量、化学成分和评吸质量评价指标间的典型相关性。结果表明：烟叶外观质量、化学成分和评吸质量评价指标间均存在典型相关关系;烟叶质量不同评价指标的相关程度不同,其中烟叶化学成分与评吸质量关系最密切,其次是外观质量和评吸质量。在烟叶质量组间关联上起主要作用的外观质量评价指标是成熟度、身份,化学成分评价指标是总糖、还原糖、总氮,评吸质量评价指标是香气质、香气量、杂气、刺激性、干燥感。     

4UFD-1400A1型薯类联合收获机提升装置运动分析与仿真

采用MAT-LAB与ADAMS软件对4UFD-1400A1型薯类联合收获机提升装置接料与卸料过程进行了运动分析与仿真, 研究了其接料与卸料的运动规律,模拟了运动过程,分析确定了主要结构与运动参数,为该种物料提升装置的设计提供了理论依据。仿真分析表明,薯块提升装置设计合理,输送顺畅,对薯块损伤小,满足输送要求。     

海岸带区域综合承载力评估指标体系的构建与应用——以南通市为例

借鉴"驱动力-压力-状态-响应-控制力"概念模型,依据数据可获取性,构建海岸带区域综合承载力评估指标体系和评价标准。以江苏省南通市海岸带为例,利用状态空间法开展研究区2005年、2008年和2009年综合承载力评估,五县(市)陆域、滩涂、海洋和区域的综合承载力基本处于可载状态,部分县(市)出现满载。从2005年至2009年,滩涂、海洋和区域综合承载力基本呈上升趋势,海门市海洋和区域的综合承载力上升分别为124.61%和142.98%;而陆域综合承载力呈下降趋势,如东县下降达22.42%。基于指标承载力贡献率分析,污染物及能耗、区域经济发展水平和环境压力是影响综合承载力关键因子。海岸带区域综合承载力的评估与分析,可作为制定区域发展规划的重要依据。     

双斑长跗萤叶甲越冬卵在玉米田的空间分布型

为明确双斑长跗萤叶甲越冬卵的空间分布型,2011年10月采用分层随机抽样法在山西省晋中市的玉米田对土壤中的越冬卵进行调查。通过频次分布检验、聚集度指标的测定、改进的Iwao m^*-m回归分析法和Taylor幂法则对越冬卵在土壤中的空间分布型进行了分析,并对聚集均数(λ)进行检验,分析越冬卵聚集的原因。结果表明:双斑长跗萤叶甲越冬卵在土壤中的理论分布型符合负二项分布,各项聚集度指标均满足C>1、C_A>0、I> 0、k>0、m^*/m>1,空间分布图式在低密度下为聚集分布,基本成分为单个个体,个体间相互排斥。基本成分的相对聚集度随越冬卵种群密度而变化的速率为3.52m-15.61。种群密度越大,相对聚集度的变化速率也越大,而且聚集的程度随着卵密度的增大而增高。聚集均数(λ)的测定表明,聚集是成虫的产卵习性和田间植被的生长情况、土壤性质、温湿度等环境因子综合作用的结果。双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫主要在近土表的土壤中产卵,在距土表15 cm以上的土壤中,有94.2%的越冬卵分布在距土表0-10 cm的土层中,其中以距土表2-5 cm的土层中的卵量最多,平均每个样点有卵25.56粒,占总数的64.7%,显著高于其他深度土层的卵量。     

CmRT1, a Ty3-gypsy-like retrotransposon in Castanea mollissima,is associated with a short-catkin mutation

Summary

Retrotransposons are major components of the genomes of most eukaryotic organisms and have resulted in the introduction of desirable traits in many crops, including fruit trees. Here, we describe a Ty3-gypsy-like retrotransposon associated with a short-catkin mutant in Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima), resulting in catkins that are < 20% the length of normal staminate catkins. A partial sequence of the retrotransposon, named CmRT1, detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, and its complete sequence were determined from the genome of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) using improved Tail-PCR. CmRT1 was 10,067 bp in length and shared high homology in its predicted amino acid sequence and motifs with other Ty3/gypsy-like retrotransposons. The 5’ long terminal repeat (LTR) of CmRT1 contained a TATA box and several cis-elements that were predicted to be important for processes involving abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, and auxins and in stress-mediated responses. Further characterisation of the transposition event that led to the short-catkin phenotype was performed using two pairs of primers that aligned with the flanking region of the LTRs. The expected PCR bands were observed only in genomic DNA from plants that showed the mutation. Finally, cloning and real-time qPCR analysis of an NADP-dependent alkenal double-bond reductase (CmADBR) target gene that was adjacent to CmRT1, revealed that CmADBR expression was significantly down-regulated in the short-catkin mutant. Taken together, these results suggest that the CmRT1 retrotransposon is responsible for the short-catkin phenotype.     

Phloem unloading follows an extensive apoplastic pathway in developing strawberry fruit

Summary

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is widely used as a model for fleshy fruit biology research; nevertheless, the pathway of phloem unloading in strawberry fruit remains unknown. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the symplastic tracer, carboxyfluorescein, the phloem unloading pathway was studied in ‘Akihime’ strawberry fruit from post-anthesis to the ripening stage. Ultrastructural analysis showed that many plasmodesmata existed between the sieve element cells (SEC) and the companion cells (CC), but plasmodesmata were absent between the sieve element cell – CC complexes and their surrounding phloem parenchyma cells (PPCs). Interestingly, an abundance of plasmodesmata was observed between parenchyma cells. Imaging of carboxyfluorescein unloading revealed that the dye was confined only to the phloem vascular bundles in developing receptacles. In conclusion, the results obtained from the present study indicate that sugar unloading from the phloem occurs through an apoplastic pathway. Post-phloem transport of sugar then follows a symplastic pathway in strawberry fruit.     

生长因子FGF10转基因本氏烟草植株的获得及其表达分析

成纤维细胞生长因子10(FGF10)具有非常重要的科研和医疗价值,但其目前有限产量难以满足市场需要,而植物生物反应器能为解决这一问题提供切实可行的途径。本研究构建了由组成型强启动子CaMV 35S驱动且人工修饰的FGF10基因植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法将其导入本氏烟草基因组中,利用筛选标记基因Bar进行草铵膦抗性筛选,获得413个抗性株。经PCR检测鉴定,其中398株为转基因阳性,阳性率为96.4%。通过RT-PCR和ELISA检测分析,最终筛选得到5株高表达转基因后代,其目的蛋白表达量占可溶性总蛋白的0.1%以上,表达量最高的达到0.24%,意味着利用植物生物反应器表达平台生产FGF10蛋白的可行性。这些结果表明,通过该高通量遗传转化平台可以获得具有市场应用潜力的烟草转基因种质资源,并为后续FGF10蛋白相关产品的开发提供了支撑。     

长武塬区降雨入渗特征

为了深入理解深厚黄土层的降雨入渗机制,在黄土高原塬区的长武试验站,应用TDR监测天然降雨下大型土柱土壤含水率的动态变化,并结合土柱底部出流量测定数据,分析天然降雨的入渗特征。结果表明:降雨对土壤含水率的影响主要集中在160 cm深度以上,且随深度增加而递减,至240 cm土层降雨峰值信息几近消失;湿润锋运移速率与降雨强度呈正相关关系,与土壤初始含水率成负相关关系,湿润锋运移深度同降雨量和降雨强度正相关;降雨对300 cm土壤水的补给行为普遍存在,入渗补给以活塞流方式为主;降雨入渗补给土壤水的滞后作用表现出对100～200 cm土壤水的补给滞后时间为15～18 d,对300 cm深度土壤水的补给滞后时间为30～45 d。研究结果对明确黄土塬区水循环机制具有一定参考意义。     

Effects of Irrigation Patterns and Nitrogen Fertilization on Rice Yield and Microbial Community Structure in Paddy Soil

Water and nitrogen (N) are considered the most important factors affecting rice production and play vital roles in regulating soil microbial biomass, activity, and community. The effects of irrigation patterns and N fertilizer levels on the soil microbial community structure and yield of paddy rice were investigated in a pot experiment. The experiment was designed with four N levels of 0 (N0), 126 (N1), 157.5 (N2), and 210 kg N ha-1 (N3) under two irrigation patterns of continuous water-logging irrigation (WLI) and water-controlled irrigation (WCI). Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was conducted to track the dynamics of soil microbial communities at tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The results showed that the maximums of grain yield, above-ground biomass, and total N uptake were all obtained in the N2 treatment under WCI. Similar variations in total PLFAs, as well as bacterial and fungal PLFAs, were found, with an increase from the tillering to the grain-filling stage and a decrease at the maturity stage except for actinomycetic PLFAs, which decreased continuously from the tillering to the maturity stage. A shift in composition of the microbial community at different stages of the plant growth was indicated by principal component analysis (PCA), in which the samples at the vegetative stage (tillering stage) were separated from those at the reproductive stage (grain-filling and maturity stages). Soil microbial biomass, measured as total PLFAs, was significantly higher under WCI than that under WLI mainly at the grain-filling stage, whereas the fungal PLFAs detected under WCI were significantly higher than those under WLI at the tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The application of N fertilizer also significantly increased soil microbial biomass and the main microbial groups both under WLI and WCI conditions. The proper combination of irrigation management and N fertilizer level in this study was the N2 (157.5 kg N ha-1) treatment under the water-controlled irrigation pattern.