松嫩平原两种覆被盐渍化特征的时空变化研究

对2003年6～10月羊草草地和大豆地的盐渍化特征(含水量、pH值和含盐量)的动态变化进行分析，并对比2种土地覆被类型之间的变化差异，结果发现：羊草草地和大豆地含水量变化与采样区降雨量的变化有相同趋势，但在采样初期和末期，大豆地含水量要大于羊草草地；对于pH值和含盐量，在土壤剖面0～60cm，两种覆被类型不同层次动态变化一致，大豆地变化的一致性可达到更深层次，但是其峰值要比羊草草地滞后20天左右出现，同时2种土地覆被类型pH值和含盐量的峰值均滞后于含水量的峰值。单因素方差分析表明采样期内2种土地覆被含水量在剖面40～80cm差异显著，而pH值则是在整个剖面都有显著差异，含盐量在20～60cm剖面深度差异显著。2种覆被类型各个剖面深度10月17日的pH值、含水量比6月7日有所上升，含盐量则刚好相反。     

双氰胺对土壤酶活性的影响

本文选用沈阳市东陵区天拄山耕作棕壤,采用室内培养试验研究了双氰胺对土壤酶活性的影响情况。双氰胺对土壤中性磷酸酶活性的影响主要在培养的前20天,表现为显著的抑制作用;对土壤脲酶活性的影响主要在培养的第20、30天时表现为显著的抑制作用;对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响在培养的第30天时表现为显著的激活作用;对土壤转化酶活性影响不大。     

Chemical characterization of several wetlands in Kejimkujik National Park,Nova Scotia

Results are presented from an investigation of wetland chemistry in Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia. Significant differences in the major ionic constituents occurred between wetlands classified as bogs and those classified as fens, indicating the more minerotrophic status of the latter. The fens, however, were categorized as extremely poor, being very low in pH and base cations, indicating almost no buffering capacity. This type of wetland is regarded as transitional to bog and is viewed as highly sensitive to acid deposition by Gorham et al. (1987). Further alkalinity losses may result in abrupt changes in floral assemblages with rapid invasion of carpet forming Sphagnum species.     

Protection, promotion and support of breast-feeding in Europe: current situation

OBJECTIVE: To describe the current situation regarding protection, promotion and support of breast-feeding in Europe, as a first step towards the development of a blueprint for action. DESIGN AND SETTING: A questionnaire was completed by 29 key informants and 128 other informants in the EU, including member states, accession and candidate countries. RESULTS: EU countries do not fully comply with the policies and recommendations of the Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding that they endorsed during the 55th World Health Assembly in 2002. Some countries do not even comply with the targets of the Innocenti Declaration (1990). Pre-service training on breast-feeding practice is inadequate and in-service training achieves only low to medium coverage. The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative is well developed only in three countries; in 19 countries, less than 15% of births occur in baby-friendly hospitals. The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes, endorsed in 1981 by all countries, is not fully applied and submitted to independent monitoring. The legislation for working mothers meets on average the International Labour Organization standards, but covers only women with full formal employment. Voluntary mother-to-mother support groups and trained peer counsellors are present in 27 and 13 countries, respectively. Breast-feeding rates span over a wide range; comparisons are difficult due to use of non-standard methods. The rate of exclusive breast-feeding at 6 months is low everywhere, even in countries with high initiation rates. CONCLUSIONS: EU countries need to revise their policies and practices to meet the principles inscribed in the Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding in order to better protect, promote and support breast-feeding.     

基于自然光照反射光谱的温室黄瓜叶片含氮量预测

利用便携式光谱辐射仪测量了自然光照条件下温室黄瓜叶片的光谱反射率,并计算了反射率光谱的一次微分光谱。反射率光谱以及一次微分光谱与叶片含氮量的相关分析表明,温室内光谱特性与叶片含氮量相关性最大的敏感波段分别是505～664 nm和685～722 nm。当利用原始光谱进行分析时,通过变量筛选得到了4个敏感波长,分别是568、596、640和664 nm。偏最小二乘回归分析(PLSR)以及归一化颜色指数(NDCI)分析都表明,建模时的相关系数R_C>0.800,模型验证时的相关系数R_V>0.700。对微分光谱进行的相关分析结果表明,利用单一敏感波长520 nm就可获得理想模型,建模时的相关系数为0.880,模型验证时的相关系数为0.787。对比原始光谱的PLSR模型与一阶微分光谱的一元线性回归模型可以得知,原始光谱以及一阶微分光谱都可用于温室内叶片含氮量的预测,而且一阶微分光谱在一些特殊的波长处具有更高的预测能力,这些模型将成为开发便携式作物长势诊断仪器的技术基础。     

南方红壤坡地不同利用模式的水土保持及生态效益研究

通过对15°红壤坡地11个利用模式10年土壤侵蚀研究,认为红壤坡地土地利用模式中林作系统水土保持效果优于农作系统。林作系统中水土保持效果以常绿阔叶林最好,次为混交林,毛竹林和针叶林。农作系统中顺坡植物篱种植、等高梯化种植、顺坡水平沟种植水土保持效果较好。研究认为红壤坡地土地利用模式应以林作为主,尽可能发展高效的经济林。而如发展农业种植,则以顺坡植物篱种植模式最佳,次为等高梯化种植模式。     

重金属污染黄壤生态修复中的微生态效应

以黄壤作为供试土壤,种植重金属富集植物与非富集植物,采用室内培养方法对外加镍污染黄壤的微生物活性及其群落结构进行了研究。结果表明:较低浓度Ni有利于提高土壤微生物活性,当Ni浓度>100 mg/kg时供试土壤的微生物活性开始下降,其中微生物生物碳、氮量和基础呼吸随重金属浓度增加而明显下降,但种植重金属富集植物的土壤下降幅度明显低于种植非富集植物的土壤。结果还显示,镍严重污染破坏了土壤微生物区系,使土壤细菌、放线菌及真菌数量下降,其中放线菌对重金属毒性影响最为敏感,重金属富集植物车前草引起土壤微生物区系的变化较小,表现了良好的修复能力。     

Modification of soils in Nigerian savanna by soil-feeding Cubitermes (isoptera,termitidae)

Soil-feeding termites ingest humified, organic-rich soil. The soil faeces are used for nest construction and mounds of two species of Cubitermes contained more soil, clay, exchangeable Ca and Mg, available P, total N and organic C than adjacent topsoil. Available P increased by 1.4–6.0 times. Mounds of a plant-debris feeding termite, Trinervitermes, contained significantly more of these fractions, with the exception of available P, than adjacent topsoil. The modification of Trinervitermes mounds by Cubitermes resulted in a 2-fold increase in available P, whereas organic C remained the same and N increased by 1.5-times. The relatively large increase in available P resulting from soil feeding termites could be attributed to the high pH regime in their hind-guts.     

Global dung beetle response to tropical forest modification and fragmentation: A quantitative literature review and meta-analysis

Although insects are crucial for maintaining ecosystem function, our understanding of their overall response to human activity remains limited. This is no less true of dung-burying beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), which provide a suite of critical ecosystem functions and services, yet but face multiple conservation threats, particularly from landscape conversion. Here we use a review and meta-analysis to synthesize the current knowledge concerning response to tropical forest modification and fragmentation of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). For every modified habitat type and individual forest fragment across 33 studies, we calculated six dung beetle community parameters, standardized relative to intact tropical forest. We organized modified habitats along an approximate disturbance gradient ranging from selectively logged, late and early secondary forest, through agroforestry, tree plantations, to annual crops, cattle pastures and clear-cuts. Secondary forests, selectively logged forest and agroforests supported rich communities with many intact forest species, while cattle pastures and clear-cuts contained fewer species overall with few forest-dwelling species. Abundance generally declined with increasing modification, but was quite variable. Communities in open habitats were often characterized by hyper-abundance of a small number of small-bodied species, leading to low evenness. Across fragmentation studies, dung beetle species richness, abundance and evenness declined in smaller forest fragments. Richness and abundance sometimes declined in more isolated fragments, although this response appeared to depend on matrix quality. Across both habitat modification and fragmentation studies, geographic location and landscape context appeared to modify dung beetle response by influencing the available pool of colonists. We discuss potential underlying mechanisms and conclude with recommendations for management and conservation and for future research.