防治草莓炭疽病的芽胞杆菌组合的筛选

为开发防治草莓炭疽病的复合菌剂,比较了5株芽胞杆菌（菌株CM3、Y-48、Lh-1、Y-30和Y-9）在不同的组合方式和比例下对草莓炭疽菌Colletotrichum thebromicoia的抑制作用,筛选出抑菌效果的最佳的组合并通过盆栽防治试验测定其防治效果。抑菌试验表明,由巨大芽胞杆菌Y-30和解淀粉芽胞杆菌CM3按照2：1配比而成的组合抑菌率达到59.46%,比菌株Y-48的抑菌率高出13.86%（单菌株中抑菌率最高的菌株,抑菌率为52.22%）,比单菌株Y-30和CM3分别提高72.65%和25.22%。盆栽试验证实,复合菌处理对于草莓炭疽病的防治效果为68.69%,比化学药剂的防治效果提高了23.63%;同时,复合菌处理还有效的促进了草莓的生长,草莓株高、叶片面积、根鲜重以及茎叶鲜重都有显著提高。本试验为复合菌剂应用于草莓炭疽病的生物防治提供了依据。     

The impact of hibernation and arousal on energy metabolism and antioxidant defenses in leech (Whitmania pigra)

Whitmania pigra is an important medicinal resource that is widely farmed in aquaculture in Asia, and a decrease in body weight occurring during hibernation and hibernation lasting long time has serious impacts on production efficiency in aquaculture system. We examined energy metabolic and antioxidant enzymes of intestine from a hibernator (W. pigra) over cycles of hibernation‐arousal. Results of the study demonstrated that hibernation in W. pigra was characterized by a profound decrease in energy metabolic during deep hibernation that was interrupted by rewarming arousal. And energy metabolic increased significantly during the rewarming arousal. Regulated suppression of energy metabolism probably contributes to energy savings. Oxidative stress decreased during deep hibernation along with a reduction in oxidative metabolism, but increased during entrance into hibernation and arousal from hibernation. This up‐regulation of antioxidant defense (AD) during arousal was interpreted as protection of the intestine against oxidative damage to come with the enormous increase in metabolic activity during arousal from hibernation, and the up‐regulation of AD during entrance into hibernation was interpreted that leech are exposed to significant stresses (cold acclimation) that must be dealt with appropriately to avoid irreversible tissue damage. It can be concluded that W. pigra has a strong AD system that protects it from the injurious effects of free radicals either during periods of entrance into hibernation and arousal. These results indicate the adaptive mechanism of hibernation that may be applied to increase production efficiency of leech by interrupting or shortening hibernation.     

番茄抗晚疫病基因Ph-3的分子标记开发及应用

正番茄晚疫病由卵菌疫霉属的致病疫霉菌(Phytophthora infestans)侵染引起。病菌对番茄致病性强,侵染寄主后通过气流散发孢子,多次重复侵染植株,引起晚疫病爆发,对番茄生产造成严重危害[1]。利用抗晚疫病资源,培育番茄抗病品种是降低晚疫病危害的有效途径。在野生番茄中发现     

寡雄腐霉与烯酰吗啉互作防治葡萄霜霉病和替代部分化学药剂减量用药应用

 利用室内与室外传统生物测定方法,结合诱导抗病性生理测定方法进行试验。明确寡雄腐霉用药时期;研发生化互作组合,明确增效作用机制;制定生化互作减量用药防控技术规程。结果表明寡雄腐霉预防葡萄霜霉病最佳时期为发病前1个月,连续喷雾用药3~4次,间隔期10~15 d。明确寡雄腐霉对叶片β-1,3葡聚糖酶产生具有诱导作用;研发出协同增效的生防菌剂与化学杀菌剂组合烯酰吗啉+寡雄腐霉(或者再加上100%硅氧烷化合物,此时同样防效下喷雾使用药液量仅为组合的40%)。寡雄腐霉与化学杀菌剂烯酰吗啉互作后,植株诱导抗病作用增强。制定以生防菌替代和高效合理化学用药为关键技术的减量用药防控葡萄霜霉病的综合体系,确定用药规程中药剂的使用类别、次序、排列和组合。     

3种甘薯病毒多重RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

正病毒病是引起甘薯品质降低和减产的重要原因之一,现已报道30多种能侵染甘薯的病毒~([1,2])。山东省是甘薯种植大省,病毒种类近10种~([3,4])。甘薯羽状斑驳病毒(Sweet potato feathery mottle virus,SPFM V)、甘薯潜隐病毒(Sweet potato latent virus,SPLV)是为害甘薯的主要病毒,在全国甘薯种植区广泛分布~([5,6])。甘薯病毒2(Sweet potato virus 2,SPV2)为Potyvirus的一个暂定种,多与同属的其他病毒混合侵染~([7])。多重PCR技术由Chamberian等~([8])1988年首次提出,可实现多基因的同时扩增,具有节省时间、提高效率的优点,已初     

小麦条锈病菌新菌系G22-9(CYR34)和G22-14流行趋势预测

为预测小麦条锈病菌新菌系G22-9(CYR34)和G22-14的未来流行趋势,科学指导小麦抗病育种及条锈病治理,采用常规鉴定法于2009—2016年对甘肃省2 330份小麦条锈病菌标样进行了生理小种鉴定及消长动态监测,并对G22-9(CYR34)和G22-14的致病性及寄生适合度进行了测定。结果发现:新菌系G22-9(CYR34)和G22-14在甘肃省的出现频率加快,已从2009年的0分别上升到2016年的34.85%和6.43%,其中G22-9(CYR34)已发展为甘肃省第1位流行生理小种。与主流生理小种CYR32和CYR33相比较,G22-9(CYR34)和G22-14具有毒性谱宽、致病力强、寄生适合度高、哺育品种多等特点。建议在甘肃省特别是小麦条锈病常发易变区的陇南麦区,针对新菌系的出现,及时调整小麦品种布局及育种目标,以持续控制条锈病的发生流行。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统定向编辑水稻SD1基因

【目的】半矮秆水稻品种的选育和应用是水稻育种的最重大成果之一。半矮秆品种大多是半矮秆基因SD1(semi-dwarf1)功能缺失突变体,为了获得sd1突变体,本研究对SD1基因进行了定向编辑。【方法】利用CRISPR/Cas9系统,以SD1基因为靶基因,构建基因编辑载体CRISPR-SD1,用农杆菌介导的方法转化水稻恢复系申繁17和申繁24。【结果】在2个转化受体的T₀代均获得了纯合的sd1突变体,并且在T₁代株系中分离出了不含转基因序列的植株。2个品种的sd1突变体与各自的野生型相比,株高分别下降了25%左右。【结论】利用CRISPR/Cas9系统可以有效地对目的基因进行编辑,在水稻分子育种领域具有巨大的应用价值。     

自然辩证法下的茶学

自然辩证法是哲学性质的交叉学科,它从自然科学向社会科学与思维科学渗透,同时也渗透到茶学的各个方面.在辩证思维的指导下,研究者在联系和发展中认识茶学,在对立和统一中把握茶学的科学规律,并在创新思维和自然生态观下形成了具体的茶学实践.本文通过自然辩证法在茶学中的具体应用来展现自然辩证法推动下的茶学.     

浙江省稻田系统秸秆还田问题及对策

秸秆还田是实施肥药减施及有机养分替代的主要技术。稻-麦轮作是浙江北部和中部稻区的主要栽培模式,稻-油和稻-稻模式则主要分布在浙江中部和南部稻区。调查表明,浙江稻区不同栽培模式的秸秆还田与耕作方式主要有:双季稻田秸秆翻耕还田,稻-麦(油)轮作水稻秸秆覆盖还田,以及稻-麦(油)轮作水稻季的4种秸秆还田耕作方式——麦(油)秸秆覆盖还田免耕水稻直播方式、麦(油)秸秆还田浅耕水稻直播方式、麦(油)秸秆还田深耕水稻插秧方式、麦(油)秸秆还田深耕水稻直播方式。不同耕作及还田方式各有利弊,但同时存在秸秆量大、还田困难,肥料配施没有定量计算方法,病虫害加剧,土壤水分需要科学管理,农机需要合理选择与操作等问题。通过调查研究,参考已有的研究技术资料,针对秸秆还田存在的问题进行分析与总结,提出以下对策。1)采取方式轮换措施调和不同耕作类型及不同秸秆还田方式产生的不足。2)中等肥力农田以单季秸秆还田量5~6 t·hm^-2、全年秸秆还田量10~12 t·hm^-2比较适宜,超过的秸秆量建议通过综合利用方式加以解决。3)肥料配施采取以氮肥全季调施、前期适当增施,钾肥适当减施为主的秸秆还田施肥策略。4)病虫害防治采取提前翻耕、秸秆深埋、淹水闷田的措施。5)水分管理以易于机械耕作和秸秆还田后保持土壤湿度促进秸秆腐解为原则,晚稻提倡干湿交替的灌溉管理方式。6)机械类型应选择带有秸秆切碎装置的收割机,耕作机械要保证翻埋深度,以实现稳定与均匀的还田作业。     

Identification and Genetic Diversity Analysis of Chinese Mitten Crab(Eriocheir sinensis) in the Liao River Area

Chinese mitten crab(Eriocheir sinensis) is an indigenous and ecologically and economically important species in the Liao River area, but its identification and genetic diversity remain poorly understood. To evaluate the germplasm resources of this species, samples were collected from these locations: four sub-populations from the Liao River area and one population from the Yangtze River area; one primer was used to distinguish between the Liao River and the Yangtze River crabs. Thirteen loci were used for crab genetic diversity analysis, and basic statistics showed that the collecting samples were purebred in the Liao River area. The average observed heterozygosity(H_0) of the Liao River population was 0.5931, and the expected heterozygosity(H_e) was 0.8064. The polymorphism information content(PIC) was 0.7753, which showed that the Liao River population had high genetic diversity. The genetic differentiation index(F_(ST)) averaged 0.0342, meaning a low degree of differentiation; cluster analysis indicated that Hujia(HJ), Xinli(XL) and Chenjia(CJ) sub-populations were allocated to the same cluster, while Baqiangzi(BQZ) sub-population was isolated. In summary, these data demonstrated that the crabs in the Liao River had high genetic diversity, but low genetic differentiation. Thus, the Liao River population had the potential for breeding selection. Furthermore, this study also provided valuable genetic information for the conservation of Chinese mitten crab.