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Characterization of Some Typical Soils of the Miombo Woodland Ecosystem of Kitonga Forest Reserve,Iringa, Tanzania： Physico-Chemical Properties and Classification

Despite the fact that miombo woodland soils have significant implications in global climate change processes, few studies have been done to characterize and classify the soils of the miombo woodland ecosystem of Tanzania. The current study was carried out to map and classify soils of Kitonga Forest Reserve, which is a typical miombo woodland ecosystem, in order to generate relevant information for their use and management. A representative study area of 52 km2 was selected and mapped at a scale of 1：50,000 on the basis of relief. Ten representative soil profiles were excavated and described using standard methods. Soil samples were taken from genetic soil horizons and analyzed in the laboratory for physico-chemical characteristics using standard methods. Using field and laboratory analytical data, the soils were classified according to the FAO-World Reference Base （FAO-WRB） for Soil Resources system as Cambisols, Leptosols and Fluvisols. In the USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy system the soils were classified as Inceptisols and Entisols. Topographical features played an important role in soil formation. The different soil types differed in physico-chemical properties, hence exhibit differences in their potentials, constraints and need specific management strategies. Texture varied from sandy to different loams; pH from 5.1 to 5.9; organic carbon from 0.9 g/kg to 20 g/kg; and CEC from 3 cmol/（＋）kg to 24 cmol/（＋）kg. Sustainable management of miombo woodlands ecosystem soils requires reduced deforestation and reduced land degradation.     

Solving the Operation Directing Expert Systems Based on Characteristic Model

In this thesis,aiming at the characteristic of operation directing expert systems,we use the state of process characteristic parameter to describe the process condition(state).We propose a solving strategy batal on characteristic model.According to the solving-tree of process condition (state),the present process state can be obtained. An example of application illustrates that this method solves problem quickly and satisfy the real time directing operation.     

Successful Hybridization of Acipenser Species Using Cryopreserved Sperm

Successful hybridization of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) × Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri), sterlet × Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedti) and sterlet × European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) was carried out for the first time using cryopreserved semen of sturgeon males and sterlet × sterlet crosses as controls. Sperm of all three species was diluted with a cryodiluent composed of 23.4 mM sucrose, 0.25 mM KCl, 30 mM Tris (pH 8.0) and 10% methanol. The samples were frozen in plastic straws in the vapor of liquid nitrogen at the height of 3 cm above the level of nitrogen for 3 min. Following thawing approximately 3000 sterlet eggs were fertilized with six straws of frozen-thawed sperm. The hatching rate with sterlet sperm was 30.6% while the hatching rate of A. ruthenus × A. baeri, A. ruthenus × A. gueldenstaedti and A. ruthenus × A. sturio hybrids was 50, 17.4 and 34%, respectively. Morphometric markers as well as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay was used to verify interspecific hybridization.     

Chemo-biochemical Desulphurization of Various Gaseous Streams on Bench Scale

The gaseous streams containing hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) mixed with nitrogen gas (N₂) (H₂S, 0.00145 mol L^-1), H₂S mixed with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and refinery fuel gas were evaluated, in batch operation, in a bubbled column reactor for desulphurization using ferric sulphate as an oxidant. Further, the ferrous sulphate produced in the process of oxidation is biologically oxidized to ferric sulphate using biomass enriched with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans-JSPR1 in flask culture experiments. In all the cases, the gases were bubbled into the biologically generated ferric sulphate (from ferrous sulphate solution) for the oxidation of H₂S. The results indicate that0.00426 mol L^-1 of ferric ions are required for reacting with0.00145 mol L^-1 of H₂S in a gaseous stream containing mixture of N₂ and H₂S. A concentration of 0.00447 mol L^-1 of ferric ions is needed for oxidation of 0.00145 mol L^-1 of H₂S mixed with LPG. Similarly, the refinery fuel gas containing 0.0031 mol L^-1 of H₂S requires 0.00428 mol L^-1 of ferric ion for effective desulphurization. The ratio of moles of H₂S reacted to moles of Fe²⁺ produced at optimal condition was 0.533, 0.516, 0.510, respectively, for nitrogen mixed H₂S, LPG mixed H₂S and refinery fuel gas containing H₂S. The removal of H₂S from these gaseous streams was more than 98%sulphate produced in the process could be biologically oxidized to ferric sulphate with an efficiency of 98%, using shake flask culture experiments. Based on flask culture experiments for biooxidation of commercial ferrous sulphate to generate ferric sulphate, the biokinetic constants viz. yield coefficient y, maximum specific growth rate constant μ_max and half saturation rate constant K _s were evaluated. The yield coefficient was found to be 0.112 while μ_max and K _s were observed to be 0.1686 hr^-1 and 187.9 mg L^-1, respectively. The evaluation of biokinetic constants for bio-oxidation of ferrous sulphate generated during the scrubbing of refinery fuel gas containing H₂S indicated the value of μ_max and K _s as 0.1426 hr^-1 and 205 mg L^-1, respectively. The value of yield coefficient in this real system was found to be 0.102.     

Peritonitis in horses: 55 cases (2004-2007)

Factors associated with the outcome of peritonitis in horses are seldom described. The objectives of this study were to determine the common clinical signs and clinicopathologic findings and to reveal prognostic factors associated with the outcome of peritonitis in equine patients. Data were examined in a retrospective manner in 55 horses diagnosed with and treated for peritonitis. The most common clinical and clinicopathologic findings were tachycardia (94%), increased amount of peritoneal fluid on ultrasound (84%), altered mucous membranes (82%), bacteria noted on the direct smear (67%), hyperfibrinogenaemia (58%) and left shift (40%). The most commonly isolated organism was E. coli (37%). Survival rates were as follow: 78% in the whole study, 81% in the abdominal lavage group, 93% in the medically and 46% in the surgically managed groups. Complications were more common in the non-survivor group (P < 0.001). Initial haematocrit and surgical interventions were strongly associated with non-survival in the multivariate logistic regression model (P = 0.049, OR: 1.07 and P = 0.01, OR: 9.87, respectively). Prognosis of peritonitis without gastrointestinal rupture depends on the initial hydration status, surgical interventions and development of secondary complications, while other clinical and clinicopathologic findings do not appear to correlate with survival. Prospective evaluation of hydration and perfusion parameters and abdominal lavage warrants further investigation.     

Postmortem small babesia-like morphology of Babesia canis - short communication

Here we report a case of canine babesiosis with unusual morphology of the causative agent. A male, seven-week-old Labrador retriever puppy, exhibiting severe anaemia and haemoglobinuria, was presented at the Clinic of Internal Medicine in February 2011. The puppy was euthanised. The most relevant pathological changes were icterus, severe splenomegaly, generalised lymphadenopathy and haemoglobin nephrosis. Samples were collected from various organs for histology within one hour post mortem. Impression smears were also prepared from the spleen after overnight storage at 4 °C. Tissue sections and smears showed the presence of multiple, coccoid intraerythrocytic bodies that measured 1-2 μm and resembled small babesiae. No large piroplasms were seen. DNA was extracted from the spleen, and a conventional PCR was performed for the amplification of a 450-bp region of the 18S rRNA gene of piroplasms. The causative agent was identified as Babesia canis canis, with 99% sequence identity to other European isolates. Sequence identity to B. gibsoni was only 91%. This is the first account to verify that the morphology of the large canine piroplasm, B. canis, can be uniformly small babesia-like post mortem or following the storage of tissue samples.