Effect of cultivation time on soil heavy metal accumulation and bioavailability in Phyllostachys praecox stands

Phyllostachys praecox is a bamboo species cultivated for edible shoots under intensive management. However, the potential pollution risk of heavy metals in bamboo soils is not clear under the intensive management for a long term. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cultivation time on soil heavy metal accumulation and bioavailability in bamboo stands subjected to intensive management. Soil samples were collected from a chronosequence of bamboo stands which had been cultivated for 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 years in Lin''an, Zhejiang Province of China. Eight heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg) present in the soil were selected, and their potential pollution risk was evaluated by chemical speciation analysis. Possible heavy metal sources were explored using multivariate and cluster analysis. Our results showed that Zn, Cu, Hg, and Cd contents in the soil increased with the cultivation time, while Ni, Cr, Pb, and As levels were similar among all stands. Furthermore, the bioavailabilities of all analyzed heavy metals increased with the cultivation time. Multivariate and cluster analysis showed that sources of Ni, Cr, Pb, and As were likely lithogenic in origin, whereas input of Zn, Cu, Hg, and Cd was mainly due to cultivation practices. Current bamboo management strategies raised the potential risks of heavy metal pollution in bamboo shoots in the long term. Soil acidification in P. praecox stands induced by intensive cultivation should be controlled since it stimulated and improved the bioavailability of heavy metals. Appropriate management strategies should thus be adopted to ensure safe and sustainable production of bamboo shoots.     

云南籽粒苋种质资源的表型多样性分析

为了系统分析云南籽粒苋种质资源的表型遗传多样性。采用遗传多样性指数、主成分分析、相关分析和聚类分析对104份云南籽粒苋种质资源的30个表型性状进行研究。结果表明,遗传多样性指数最高的质量性状和数量性状分别是主花序形状(1.68)和主花序长度(2.07)。前10个主成分累计贡献率达到73.944%,单株鲜体重与第3、第6、第9主成分极显著正相关,单株粒重与第9主成分极显著正相关。聚类分析将104份种质划分为5类,第Ⅰ类群可为间套种亲本材料,第Ⅱ和Ⅲ类群可为大粒亲本材料,第Ⅳ类群可为优质饲用亲本材料,第Ⅴ类群可为观赏类亲本材料。云南籽粒苋种质资源表型性状具有丰富的遗传多样性,有较大的开发利用潜力。     

28种防火林带树种树叶抗火性能研究

为探究树种的防火能力,科学选择防火林带树种,提高生物防火林带的树种多样性,对28种防火林带树种的理化指标进行测定,应用因子分析和聚类分析方法对其抗火性能进行综合排序与分类。结果表明,树叶热值与灰分、挥发分与固定碳之间呈极显著相关关系,热值与挥发分之间、灰分与挥发分之间呈显著相关关系;综合排序表明鸭脚木、夹竹桃、米老排、大叶相思、深山含笑、黧蒴、木荷、红花油茶、铁冬青、台湾相思、醉香含笑、凤凰木为抗火性较好的12个树种。聚类分析结果表明,抗火性强的树种有4种,夹竹桃、鸭脚木、大叶相思、铁冬青;抗火性较强的树种有7种,黧蒴、米老排、醉香含笑、台湾相思、深山含笑、木荷、山杜英;抗火性中等的树种有6种,西南木荷、乌桕、凤凰木、红花油茶、土沉香、樟树;抗火性较弱的树种有8种,枫香、柠檬桉、黄葛榕、马占相思、观光木、红苞木、红锥、山乌桕;抗火性弱的树种有3种,多花山竹子、蝴蝶果、假苹婆。     

Optimization of curing process for polymer-matrix composites based on orthogonal experimental method

In this paper, the orthogonal experimental method was carried out to optimize the curing process of aeronautical composite X850/T800 in autoclave process. Four important curing parameters including curing pressure, heating rate, curing temperature and heat preservation time were taken into account, and sixteen samples were fabricated to study the effects of the four parameters mentioned above on the curing quality by interlaminar properties test and microstructure analysis. The interlaminar properties and the interfacial bonding quality of these samples were studied by the short-beam three points bending test and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Results revealed that the optimal curing process of X850/T800 composite laminate should be as follows: curing pressure of 0.6 MPa, heating rate of 1.5 °C/min, curing temperature of 160 °C, and heat preservation time of 120 min.     

胡萝卜根中主要类胡萝卜素含量相关QTL的精细定位

以白色的野生胡萝卜‘松滋野生’(Ws)和橘色的栽培胡萝卜品种‘Amsterdam’(Af)为亲本构建的回交重组自交系(BIL)为试材,基于低倍重测序技术开发SNP标记,构建了由1 976个Bin标记组成,包含29 435个SNP标记的遗传图谱。图谱总距离834.28 c M,平均图距0.42 c M。通过对胡萝卜肉质根中类胡萝卜素含量相关QTL分析,在连锁群LG04和LG08中检测到调控α–胡萝卜素、β–胡萝卜素、ζ–胡萝卜素、叶黄素、玉米黄质和总类胡萝卜素含量的主效QTL(M-QTL)2、2、3、2、2和2个,表型贡献率为11.47%~19.18%;另检测到调控α–胡萝卜素、β–胡萝卜素、ζ–胡萝卜素、玉米黄质和总类胡萝卜素含量的上位性QTL(E-QTL)1、1、2、1和1个,表型贡献率为2.50%~3.66%。在M-QTL显著区间内共检索到36个有功能注释的预测基因,其中Dck018297为ζ–胡萝卜素脱氢酶2基因,与调控β–胡萝卜素合成和总类胡萝卜素含量有关;Dck008006为乙烯响应因子2.2的同源基因,与调控α–胡萝卜素、ζ–胡萝卜素合成有关;Dck029898为转录因子b HLH135的同源基因,与调控玉米黄质合成有关。     

土壤重金属污染及对生物体影响的研究进展

重金属污染是当今社会世界性的环境生态问题。由于人类社会城市化进程加剧、工业生产中"三废"的不合理排放以及现代农业中各种农药化肥的大量使用,导致土壤中重金属的含量剧增,污染问题严重,其中尤以重金属镉、汞、铅等在生物体内的富集与抗生性的研究日益受到关注。笔者综述了土壤重金属污染及对生物体影响的研究进展,以期为土壤重金属综合治理与污染修复提供科学依据。     

转Pi9抗稻瘟病基因水稻株系的比较转录组分析

【目的】在转录水平上解析Pi9基因介导的稻瘟病抗性调控机理,为培育抗病水稻品种提供理论依据。【方法】向水稻品种日本晴(NPB)及其转Pi9抗稻瘟病基因株系(NPB/Pi9)接种稻瘟菌。分别于接种后0 h、12 h、24 h、36 h提取叶组织样品,选取12503个水稻基因定制基因芯片,进行水稻基因转录组分析,并通过qRT-PCR对部分差异表达基因进行验证。【结果】NPB/Pi9在接种后12 h、24 h和36 h的基因表达量分别与其接种0 h表达量比较,共检测到7754个差异表达基因;相应地,感病水稻NPB在以上时间点共检测到7385个差异表达基因;在接种后36 h,NPB/Pi9的差异表达基因数目显著多于NPB。比较NPB/Pi9和NPB相同时间点的基因表达量,共获得4065个差异表达基因,其中接种后36 h的差异表达基因显著多于接种后0 h、12 h或24 h。因此,NPB/Pi9的稻瘟病防御反应更强烈。对NPB/Pi9与NPB相同时间点的差异表达基因进行GO和KEGG分析,细胞外区域、植物对刺激应答、转录调控、氧化还原、离子结合、次生代谢和植物激素相关的GO分类在接种后呈显著富集,苯丙氨酸代谢、类黄酮生物合成和植物激素信号途径的KEGG通路在接种后显著富集。与效应分子触发的免疫反应(ETI)相关的水杨酸信号途径、几丁质酶,以及与病原相关分子模式触发的免疫反应(PTI)相关的胞外区域、对刺激的应答、木质素合成等,均在抗感水稻之间差异表达。而且PTI/ETI共有的WRKY转录因子、MAPK激酶、茉莉酸和乙烯信号途径等发生差异表达。综上所述,NPB/Pi9和NPB的差异表达模式与ETI和PTI相关,两者相互联系并在Pi9介导的稻瘟病抗性中发挥作用。【结论】与日本晴比较,抗病基因型NPB/Pi9对稻瘟病防御反应更强烈。转录因子、激酶、NBS-LRR基因、几丁质酶、水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯信号途径,以及植物次生代谢在Pi9介导的稻瘟病抗病反应中发挥重要作用。