河北省滦平县小流域综合治理初见成效

该概述了河北省滦平县水土流失的状况及危害。回顾了４０多年经过艰苦努力走向小流域综合治理的正确道路。探索出山、水、田林、路综合治理，林、果、粮、草药立体开发，融经济、社会和生态三大效益于一体的治理开发模式。几年来经过综合治理的１３条小流域，已经初步取得可喜的经济、生态和社会等各项效益。     

滑柱摆臂式悬架车辆之转向梯形断开点的确定

根据机构学原理,将目前农用运输车采用的滑柱摆臂式悬架等效成铰接四杆机构;通过实例计算和断开点主要影响因素分析,提出了正确选择转向梯形断开点位置的新方法。     

稻麦玉米秸秆残留还田量定量估算方法及应用

为了解秸秆残留还田是秸秆直接还田的基本形式。该文通过逐步推导,给出了秸秆残留还田量定量估算的系列公式,并将秸秆残留还田量定量估算建立在5个参数的基础上,即农作物平均株高、收割留茬高度、叶部生物量比例、枝叶脱落率和秸秆机械收集损失率;以实地调查为基础,结合对试验数据收集整理,给出了小麦、玉米、水稻三大农作物秸秆残留还田量定量估算的参数体系,并估算出了三大农作物的秸秆残留还田量,分别为7 106.92、4 543.48和6 392.95万t,合计为18 043.35万t,占三大农作物的秸秆总产量的31.13%;三大作物人工收获秸秆残留还田量为1724.47万t,机械收获秸秆残留还田量为16 318.88万t,后者是前者的9.46倍;进而以农作物面积为权重,推算出全国的秸秆残留还田量为25 330.08万t,计算出单位面积耕地的残留还田量为1.87 t/hm2,与基本还田量的最低需求3.0 t/hm2相比尚需增加60%以上,与基本还田量的一般需求4.5 t/hm2相比尚需增加1.41倍。论文最后指出了秸秆残留还田量定量估算需要继续深入开展的主要研究工作:一是开展更广泛的田间实测,进一步提高小麦、玉米、水稻三大农作物秸秆残留还田量定量估算参数的精准度,尤其是收割留茬高度和秸秆机械收集损失率这两大参数的精准度,以便更确切地估算三大农作物的秸秆残留还田量;二是针对棉花、大豆、油菜等主要经济作物进行秸秆残留还田量定量估算研究,建立全国主要粮经作物秸秆残留还田量定量估算的参数体系;三是建立区域性的秸秆残留还田量定量估算的参数体系,逐步实现各区域秸秆残留还田量的定量估算。     

关于河源梁涧区重点治理分析──以32条重点治理小流域为例

河源梁涧区为黄土丘陵沟壑区的重要地貌类型。该对河源梁涧区的地形地貌特征作了详细描述，通过实地调查，并结合３２条重点小流域治理，对该区进行了系统的分析及经验总结，特别是对固沟保涧，引洪漫地作了深入的分析，提出了河源梁涧区的治理模式，对该区治理与开发具有拽导意义。     

构建功能性人工湿地处理养殖场废水

为寻求一种经济实用的养殖废水处理途径，人工湿地废水处理工艺越来越引起关注。该文综述了近几年来人工湿地处理机理、人工湿地的建造参数、人工湿地的作用及人工湿地的管理等，从生态系统的尺度展望了功能性人工湿地建构和多类污染物的联合去除的前景，期望在未来的人工湿地处理工艺的研究中关于养殖场废水处理的研究得到更切实的关注和更实质的进展，为动物养殖业的清洁生产做出贡献。     

大同盆地盐碱地甜菜高产配套技术研究

本文针对大同盆地盐碱地甜菜产量低、经济效益差的现状，从协调水、温、盐、肥的角度出发，系统分析和研究了大同盆地盐碱地的水盐运动特点和沟种集中施肥、提早覆膜、纸筒育苗移栽的抗盐保苗技术及在覆膜和露地种植下的科学用肥和合理密植等栽培管理措施，提出了盐碱地甜菜高产配套技术。据１９９０年生产示范；该项配套技术在各示范点覆膜和露地情况下增产均在２７．８％以上，高的可达８７．１％，具有明显经济效益，可在大同盆地     

喷头射程理论公式与试验研究

在无风有空气阻力的假定条件下，根据牛顿第二运动定律和水力学基本理论，推导出喷头射程的理论公式，并选取典型微喷头和喷头，在室内进行喷头射程影响因素的试验。试验结果表明：与国内外常用的经验公式相比，理论公式的计算值与实测值吻合较好，相对误差仅为5.05%。理论公式物理意义明确，计算精度高，适用于各种微喷头和喷头。     

泌乳奶牛对散栏饲养体系不同场所的行为选择性研究

饲养动物对畜舍的利用存在差别。该文选择泌乳中后期荷斯坦牛68头，观察其在不同时间段内对散栏饲养体系各场所的利用及对不同地面卧栏的选择性；以其中的12头分别作为试验组和对照组，观察其对散栏饲养体系各场所的利用时间。试验研究结果表明：泌乳中期和泌乳后期的奶牛，对散栏饲养体系各场所的利用时间差异极显著（P<0.01）；整个牛群在不同时间段对散栏饲养体系各场所的利用和对不同地面卧栏的选择性差异均显著（P<0.05），对沙土地面卧栏的选择多于橡胶地面卧栏。     

The adoption of annual subsoiling as conservation tillage in dryland maize and wheat cultivation in northern China

Soil compaction caused by random traffic or repetitive tillage has been shown to reduce water use efficiency, and thus crop yield due to reduced porosity, decreased water infiltration and availability of nutrients. Conservation tillage coupled with subsoiling in northern China is widely believed to reduce soil compaction, which was created after many years of no-till. However, limited research has been conducted on the most effective time interval for subsoiling, under conservation tillage. Data from conservation tillage demonstration sites operating for 10 years in northern China were used to conduct a comparative study of subsoiling interval under conservation tillage. Three modes of traditional tillage, subsoiling with soil cover and no-till with soil cover were compared using 10 years of soil bulk density, water content, yield and water use efficiency data. Cost benefit analysis was conducted on subsoiling time interval under conservation tillage. Yield and power consumption were assessed by based on the use of a single pass combine subsoiler and planter. Annual subsoiling was effective in reducing bulk density by only 4.9% compared with no-till treatments on the silty loam soils of the Loess plateau, but provided no extra benefit in terms of soil water loss, yield increase or water utilization. With the exception of bulk density, no-till and subsoiling with cover were vastly superior in increasing water use (+10.5%) efficiency and yield (+12.9%) compared to traditional tillage methods. Four years of no-till followed by one subsoiling reduced mechanical inputs by 62%, providing an economic benefit of 49% for maize and 209% for wheat production compared to traditional tillage. Annual subsoiling reduced inputs by 25% with an increased economic benefit of 23% for maize and 135% for wheat production. Yield and power consumption was improved by 5% and 20%, respectively, by combining subsoiling with the planting operation in one pass compared with multipass operations of subsoiling and planting. A key conclusion from this is that annual subsoiling in dryland areas of northern China is uneconomical and unwarranted. Four years of no-till operations followed by 1 year subsoiling provided some relief from accumulated soil compaction. However, minimum soil disturbance and maximum soil cover are key elements of no-till for saving water and improving yields. Improved yields and reduced farm power consumption could provide a significant base on which to promote combined planter and subsoiling operations throughout northern China. Further research is required to develop a better understanding of the linkages between conservation tillage, soil quality and yield, aimed at designing most appropriate conservation tillage schemes.     

恒pH自动滴定系统及其在土壤表面化学研究中的应用

利用MIA 3型自动分析系统的硬件 ,根据研究的需要开发了一个专用软件 ,建成适用于恒pH自动滴定系统。并对一个含氧化铁很高的砖红壤的表面羟基的释放过程进行了测试应用。结果显示 ,在Na2 SO4 溶液中 ,羟基释放量明显受pH和SO2 - 4加入量的影响 ,羟基释放量的动态变化很好地符合Elovich方程。