狂犬病病毒HEP-Flury M基因重排后在小鼠神经母细胞瘤细胞中的表型分析

【目的】探究狂犬病病毒HEP-Flury M基因重排对基因转录和蛋白表达的影响,揭示病毒在小鼠神经母细胞瘤(NA)细胞中的表型变化与M基因重排的相关性。【方法】通过荧光定量PCR、Western blot以及病毒在NA细胞中的生长和扩散试验,对亲本毒株rHEP-Flury和M基因重排毒株M2、M4在NA细胞中的基因转录、表达、生长和扩散进行比较。【结果】狂犬病病毒结构基因的转录和表达主要受病毒基因组RNA合成的影响,但是在一个完整转录过程中单个结构基因的转录比例与其所在位置相关,M基因重排病毒的Leader RNA (LeRNA)和L mRNA的转录比例显著高于亲本毒株rHEP-Flury。M基因重排病毒在NA细胞中的生长和扩散都劣于亲本毒株rHEPFlury。【结论】狂犬病病毒亲本毒株rHEP-Flury具有狂犬病病毒原始的基因组顺序,在NA细胞中的生长和扩散都明显优于M基因重排病毒。结构基因在基因组中的位置主要决定其在一次转录过程中的转录比例,进而影响病毒在NA细胞中的生长和扩散。     

狂犬病灭活疫苗CVS-11株对牛的免疫效果

野生狐和貉狂犬病流行于新疆、内蒙古和黑龙江地区,是当地牛、羊和骆驼等家畜狂犬病的主要传染源。在国内尚无野生动物口服疫苗的前提下,对家畜进行狂犬病灭活疫苗接种,具有重要的公共卫生学意义。本研究利用国产犬用狂犬病灭活疫苗(CVS-11株)对牛进行了免疫效果和安全性评价。以不同剂量疫苗肌内注射免疫成年牛350头,通过比较免疫后狂犬病病毒中和抗体水平和持续期,确定犬用狂犬病灭活疫苗(CVS-11株)在牛的最佳免疫剂量为1次性注射2剂量疫苗,免疫持续期为1年。结果表明,犬用狂犬病灭活疫苗(CVS-11株)免疫牛时,具有较高的免疫原性和安全性,适用于牛等大型动物的狂犬病注射免疫。     

Recurrent Temporary Paralysis Reported After Human Rabies Post‐Exposure Prophylaxis

Adverse events can occur after rabies post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP), and linkage to causality is often difficult to determine. We report a case of recurrent temporary paralysis that began immediately after the initiation of rabies PEP in a man exposed to a bat. The recurrent temporary paralysis first occurred in the patient after his initial dose and then again after day 3 of his rabies PEP. The PEP was terminated prior to a serologic response. The patient continued to experience numerous discrete episodes of temporary paralysis for over two years.     

Surveillance of Human Rabies by National Authorities – A Global Survey

Effective prevention of deaths due to human rabies is currently hampered by a lack of understanding of the scale of the problem, and the distribution of both animal and human cases across countries, regions and continents. Unfortunately, despite the severity of the disease, accurate data on which to assess these questions and to prioritize and direct public health interventions are not available for many parts of the world. This survey sought to understand the current global situation regarding the surveillance of human rabies. Data were collected from 91 countries across all continents and all categories of human rabies risk, generating the most complete and representative global data set currently available. Respondents were asked key questions about whether human rabies was a notifiable disease, how the surveillance system for human rabies operated and whether the respondent considered that the surveillance system was working effectively. Across the 91 countries from which data were collated, human rabies was a notifiable disease in all but eight. Despite international guidance, surveillance systems were very varied. Even where rabies is a notifiable disease, many countries had surveillance system judged to be ineffective, almost all of these being high and moderate rabies risk countries in Africa and Asia. Overall, 41% of the population covered by this survey (around 2.5 billion people) live in countries where there is no or ineffective rabies surveillance. The lack of robust surveillance is hindering rabies control efforts. However, whilst worldwide rabies surveillance would be improved if rabies were notifiable in all countries, many other challenges to the implementation of effective global human rabies surveillance systems remain.     

A Retrospective Economic Analysis of the Ontario Red Fox Oral Rabies Vaccination Programme

Ontario initiated a red fox (Vulpes vulpes ) oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programme in 1989. This study utilized a benefit‐cost analysis to determine if this ORV programme was economically worthwhile. Between 1979 and 1989, prior to ORV baiting, the average annual human post‐exposure treatments, positive red fox rabies diagnostic tests and indemnity payments for livestock lost to rabies were 2248, 1861 and $246 809, respectively. After baiting, from 1990 to 2000, a 35%, 66% and 41% decrease in post‐exposure treatments, animal rabies tests and indemnity payments was observed, respectively. These reductions were viewed as benefits of the ORV programme, whereas total costs were those associated with ORV baiting. Multiple techniques were used to estimate four different benefit streams and the total estimated benefits ranged from $35 486 316 to $98 413 217. The annual mean ORV programme cost was $6 447 720, with total programme costs of $77 372 637. The average benefit‐cost ratios over the analysis period were .49, 1.06, 1.27 and 1.36, indicating overall programme efficiency in three of the four conservative scenarios.     

Molecular characterization of Korean rabies virus isolates

The nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) of 11 Korean rabies virus (RABV) isolates collected from animals diagnosed with rabies between 2008 and 2009 were subjected to molecular and phylogenetic analyses. Six isolates originated from domestic animals (cattle and dogs) and five were obtained from wild free-ranging raccoon dogs. The similarities in the nucleotide sequences of the N gene among all Korean isolates ranged from 98.1 to 99.8%, while those of the G gene ranged from 97.9 to 99.3%. Based on the nucleotide analysis of the N and G genes, the Korean RABV isolates were confirmed as genotype I of Lyssavirus and classified into four distinct subgroups with high similarity. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Korean isolates were most closely related to the non-Korean NeiMeng1025B and 857r strains, which were isolated from rabid raccoon dogs in Eastern China and Russia, respectively. These findings suggest that the Korean RABV isolates originated from a rabid raccoon dog in Northeastern Asia. Genetic analysis of the Korean RABV isolates revealed no substitutions at several antigenic sites, indicating that the isolates circulating in Korea may be pathogenic in several hosts.     

狂犬病毒G基因主要抗原表位区（Rmg）的表达及纯化

【目的】对狂犬病毒Rmg基因进行克隆、表达、纯化及复性,以期获得表达量高、反应原性好的Rmg蛋白,为研制快速、直观、简便检测狂犬病毒抗体的胶体金试纸条奠定基础。【方法】用常规PCR从狂犬病毒基因组中克隆出狂犬病毒G蛋白的主要抗原表位基因Rmg,并将其插入原核表达载体pET-Trx中,构建原核表达质粒pET-Trx-Rmg,将pET-Trx-Rmg转化BL21（DE3）plysS,在IPTG诱导下进行表达。【结果】SDS-PAGE分析结果表明,Rmg基因在BL21（DE3）plysS中获得高效表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的30.5%左右,并主要以不溶的包涵体形式存在,分子量约为51.7kDa。将表达的蛋白以亲和层析法进行纯化并通过谷胱甘肽还原法进行复性,纯化后蛋白纯度达99.1%。经Western blotting检测,发现表达的Rmg蛋白能够与狂犬病毒高免血清发生特异反应,但与犬细小病毒（CPV）、犬瘟热病毒（CDV）阳性血清不发生反应。【结论】Rmg蛋白具有良好的抗原性,可用于研制检测狂犬病毒抗体的胶体金试纸条。     

狂犬病毒CVS株G基因和N基因共表达重组腺病毒载体的构建

通过引入内部核糖体进入位点序列,构建狂犬病毒G基因和N基因共表达的腺病毒载体。通过RT-PCR方法扩增得到RVG基因、N基因。N基因先亚克隆入pIRES质粒;G基因经Kpn I和Mlu I,pIRES-N质粒经Mlu I、Not I双酶切,回收目的基因后与经Kpn I和Not I双酶切处理的腺病毒穿梭载体pAdTrack-CMV连接,再与pAdEasy-1质粒在BJ5183菌中同源重组产生腺病毒载体质粒。线性化后的重组腺病毒质粒转染293细胞,通过观察报告基因绿色荧光蛋白的表达鉴定重组的腺病毒,RT-PCR 法检测狂犬病毒糖蛋白和核蛋白基因片段。该重组病毒质粒经酶切鉴定与预期结果一致;转染293细胞后观察到绿色荧光蛋白的表达;RT-PCR 法可检测到糖蛋白和核蛋白基因片段。试验成功构建了G和N双基因共表达重组腺病毒载体,为狂犬病活载体疫苗的研制提供了依据。     

表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白和核蛋白的重组腺病毒的生物学特性及免疫研究

对狂犬病毒G+N双基因复制缺陷型腺病毒穿梭载体进行转染,以获得融合表过狂犬病毒糖蛋白和核蛋白重组腺病毒,并对其进行生物学特性和免疫学研究.结果表明:将含有狂犬病毒G+N的重组穿梭质粒pAdTrack-CMV/G+N与腺病毒骨架载体pAdEasy-1在大肠杆菌细胞内同源重组,可获得带有目的基因的重组腺病毒载体pAd/G+N,经PacI酶切后转染HEK-293细胞,可获得带有目的基因的重组腺病毒.重组腺病毒在HEK-293细胞中连续传代15代次后,在细胞内的病变时间缩短为20 h以内.经测定,重组腺病毒对HEK-293细胞的TCID50为10-8.0.mL-1,用RT-PCR法可检测到狂犬病毒糖蛋白和核蛋白基因片段;重组腺病毒经口服免疫小白鼠,对狂犬病毒CVS毒株的免疫保护率可达80%.