基于抗体筛查的美国猪群流行性腹泻病毒真流行率分布推断

养殖家畜的冠状病毒，如猪流行性腹泻病毒（porcine epidemic diarrhea virus，PEDV），其基因序列与蝙蝠体内冠状病毒基因序列高度相似，可引起猪肠道感染并导致仔猪大量死亡，对动物健康危害极大。本研究基于对美国猪群PEDV流行毒株表观流行率的数据挖掘作为先验信息，以2019年美国生猪入境中国西南陆路口岸的实验室抗体筛查为知识更新，利用贝叶斯统计推断方法，估计美国猪群PEDV发生的真流行率分布。结果显示，PEDV在美国猪群中的真流行率分布中位值（median）为0.005 22（95% CI=0.000 424~0.022 5），95%的高置信上限（upper confident limit，UCL）的流行率分布为3%。后验分布流行率高度右偏的概率密度统计特性推断美国猪群PEDV真流行率最大可能分布主要集中在2.5%百分位数（P_2.5%=0.000 2）与中位数（P_50%=0.005 22）之间，但不同生猪畜群间PEDV真流行率分布值可能会存在有小概率溢出分布大于0.03（P≤2.5%）的可能。此外，在现阶段口岸筛查的试剂选择方面，建议口岸首先使用基于N蛋白的ELISA抗体作为初筛，然后以基于S1重组蛋白ELISA抗体筛查作为复筛，来提高口岸对来自美国生猪的α-冠状病毒入境我国的风险认知、管控和鉴别能力。以先验分布和口岸实验室检测结果优化为基础的贝叶斯统计推断监测技术，可以为在现有知识和认知基础上最大程度阻断来自异域病原微生物入侵提供基于科学证据的风险决策技术支持，对口岸检验检疫、抽样监测和风险决策具有突破性的意义。     

Glochidial infestation of fish by the endangered thick‐shelled river mussel Unio crassus

1. Freshwater mussels (Unionoida) are globally threatened. The key to the development of effective conservation strategies for this group is to unravel their complicated life cycle, including the obligatory larva, which parasitizes the external tissues of fish.
2. Artificial infestation was conducted for three fish species – Barbus barbus, Chondrostoma nasus, and Squalius cephalus – in order to study the prevalence, site, and intensity of infestation, in relation to the fish species and their individual body size. Fish gut contents were also examined, in order to analyse the possibility of glochidia consumption.
3. Glochidia of Unio crassus are considered parasites of fish gills; however, this study revealed that U. crassus glochidia were attached to the fins of all the host species tested. The number of glochidia attached to C. nasus fins was four times higher than the number of glochidia attached to gills.
4. The prevalence of fin infestation was higher for C. nasus and S. cephalus than for B. barbus. Infestation intensity was highest for C. nasus and lowest for B. barbus, and was also dependent on fin type. The number of glochidia attached to fins demonstrated a nonlinear (log₁₀) relationship with fish body length.
5. Inspection of dissected fish guts showed that all of the fish species tested foraged on glochidia: S. cephalus and B. barbus more frequently than C. nasus.
6. Using predatory fish host species with non‐predatory species in mixed assemblages for artificial rearing of mussels led to increased mortality of fish and decreased infestation intensity.
7. The best conservation practices for freshwater mussels should therefore be based on single fish species that are easy to infest and that do not prey on glochidia.

     

Distribution and prevalence of T. bryosalmonae in Austria: A first survey of trout from rivers with a shrinking population

The first evidence of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in an Austrian river (the River Kamp) was documented in 2016, and no information on the PKD infection status of trout in other rivers was available. Since then, brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been collected from rivers in Upper and Lower Austria for different diagnostic purposes. In this study, we summarize the recent findings of a first survey concerning the distribution of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD), from these samples. Between September 2015 and October 2017, a total of 280 brown trout and 39 rainbow trout were collected from 21 rivers in the provinces of Upper and Lower Austria. T. bryosalmonae was detected by PCR of kidney tissue in 17 of 21 sampled rivers and in 138 of 280 brown trout as well as in 11 of 39 rainbow trout. Pathological signs of PKD (e.g., hypertrophy of the kidney) were observed in 33 analysed brown trout and six rainbow trout samples. No correlations between fish infected by T. bryosalmonae and the parameters size and age class, condition factor, geological origin of the streams and distribution within the river course were found, while positively tested fish are significantly increased at sampling sites exceeding water temperatures of 15°C for median periods of 115 days. The prevalence within the affected streams or stream sections is highly variable, and in single rivers, infection rates of up to 90% are confirmed.     

Evaluation of reticulocyte hemoglobin content (RET‐He) in the diagnosis of iron‐deficient erythropoiesis in dogs

Background

Reticulocyte hemoglobin content provided by the Siemens ADVIA (CHr) is an established marker of iron deficiency. The IDEXX ProCyte Dx hematology analyzer now provides a similar variable, reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (RET‐He).

Objectives

The objective was to evaluate RET‐He and its diagnostic utility in dogs, and to calculate a cutoff value for diagnosing iron‐deficient erythropoiesis (IDE). Furthermore, the prevalence of RET‐He values below this cutoff value was established.

Methods

One hundred and seventy‐one CBCs of healthy dogs were used to establish a RI. Stability of RET‐He was evaluated by repeated measurements over 48 hours (n = 10). The 25‐run coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated, and correlation and bias between measurements of RET‐He and CHr were assessed (n = 190). A cutoff value for diagnosing IDE was calculated. The utility of RET‐He in the detection of IDE was evaluated in 123 dogs. The prevalence of low RET‐He values was assessed retrospectively in a multicenter study (2012–2014) under participation of 7 veterinary clinics.

Results

Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent with an RI of 22.2 to 28.6 pg was statistically stable over 48 hours (P = .10). The CV was 1.8%. A fair correlation (ρ = 0.74) between RET‐He and CHr with a small bias of ?0.6 pg was found. The cutoff value for diagnosing IDE was 20.9 pg (sensitivity: 85%; specificity: 99%). The prevalence of RET‐He values below 20.9 pg was 10.3% (1084/10,553 dogs).

Conclusions

RET‐He on the ProCyte Dx is a precise screening tool in dogs to detect iron‐deficient erythropoiesis.     

Prevalence,intensity and histopathology of Zeylanicobdella arugamensis infestation on groupers reared on different aquaculture systems

The marine leech, Zeylanicobdella arugamensis, is a major threat to aquaculture in grouper-producing countries including Indonesia. This study aimed at investigating prevalence, intensity and histopathology of the ectoparasite in humpback and hybrid groupers cultured in different rearing systems. A total of 260 groupers (60 humpback groupers and 200 hybrid groupers) were used for samples. The marine leech was observed on skin, fins, gills and mouth, followed by histopathological assay on the skin tissue. The results showed that prevalence of the leech in both groupers was higher when they were cultured in the floating net cages compared with the hatchery, p < .05. Furthermore, humpback grouper had a higher prevalence than hybrid grouper when they were cultured in a similar system, p < .05. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in intensity between the two groupers, p > .05. Within the hybrid groupers, the highest prevalence was obtained from hybrid groupers reared in the earthen ponds. Histopathological studies showed that the infected groupers exhibited inflammation, congestion and erosion of the epidermis layer. Hybrid grouper had more severe histopathological lesions in the skin tissues. These results suggested that species and type of aquaculture system had significantly determined the prevalence, intensity and severity of lesion in Z. arugamensis infestation.     

鸽新城疫的流行与防控

鸽新城疫是由新城疫病毒感染鸽群引起的传染病, 在世界各国鸽场均有流行。介绍了鸽新城疫流行情况及特点, 流行毒株的基因型、病毒的毒力、病毒的抗原特性, 提出在做好鸽场内生物安全控制和精细化管理基础上, 使用市售新城疫疫苗进行合理免疫是鸽新城疫防控的关键。     

四川省部分地区山羊沙门氏菌健康带菌率及耐药性调查

为了解四川省山羊沙门氏菌带菌情况,本试验采集了四川省部分地区5个规模化山羊养殖场表观健康山羊粪便196份,经BPW预增菌、TTB选择性增菌后,采用靶向invA基因的PCR方法检测沙门氏菌的带菌率;对阳性样本进行细菌分离鉴定,随机选择25株沙门氏菌分离株测定其对15种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果显示,山羊沙门氏菌的平均带菌率为54.59%。药敏试验结果显示,分离株均对丁胺卡那敏感,而对其余14种抗菌药物呈不同程度的耐药,多重耐药菌株占88%,其中耐2~7种药物的占52%,耐9~13种药物的占36%。结果表明,四川省部分地区山羊的沙门氏菌健康带菌率较高,且多重耐药性普遍,其公共卫生意义值得进一步研究。     

Long‐term epidemiological survey of Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from commercial aquaculture farms

Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa) encysts within myocytes of a variety of fishes. While infected fish appear unharmed, parasite‐derived enzymes degrade the flesh post‐mortem. In regions of British Columbia (BC), Canada, up to 4–7% of fillets can be affected, thus having economic consequences and impacting the competitiveness of BC's farms. K. thyrsites was monitored in two farms having high (HP) or low (LP) historical infection prevalence. At each farm, 30 fish were sampled monthly for blood and muscle during the first year followed by nine samplings during year two. Prevalence and intensity were measured by PCR and histology of muscle samples. In parallel, fillet tests were used to quantify myoliquefaction. Infections were detected by PCR after 355 and 509 degree days at LP and HP farms, respectively. Prevalence reached 100% at the HP farm by 2265 degree days and declined during the second year, whereas it plateaued near 50% at the LP farm. Infection intensities decreased after 1 year at both farms. Blood was PCR‐positive at both farms between 778 and 1113 degree days and again after 2000 degree days. This is the first monitoring project in a production environment and compares data between farms with different prevalence.